solana/programs/bpf_loader/src/serialization.rs

use {
    byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian, WriteBytesExt},
    solana_rbpf::{aligned_memory::AlignedMemory, ebpf::HOST_ALIGN},
    solana_sdk::{
        bpf_loader_deprecated,
        entrypoint::{BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128, MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE},
        instruction::InstructionError,
        pubkey::Pubkey,
        system_instruction::MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH,
        transaction_context::{InstructionContext, TransactionContext},
    },
    std::{io::prelude::*, mem::size_of},
};

/// Look for a duplicate account and return its position if found
pub fn is_duplicate(
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
    index_in_instruction: usize,
) -> Option<usize> {
    let index_in_transaction = instruction_context.get_index_in_transaction(index_in_instruction);
    (instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()..index_in_instruction).position(
        |index_in_instruction| {
            instruction_context.get_index_in_transaction(index_in_instruction)
                == index_in_transaction
        },
    )
}

pub fn serialize_parameters(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
) -> Result<(AlignedMemory, Vec<usize>), InstructionError> {
    let is_loader_deprecated = *instruction_context
        .try_borrow_program_account(transaction_context)?
        .get_owner()
        == bpf_loader_deprecated::id();
    if is_loader_deprecated {
        serialize_parameters_unaligned(transaction_context, instruction_context)
    } else {
        serialize_parameters_aligned(transaction_context, instruction_context)
    }
    .and_then(|buffer| {
        let account_lengths = (instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
            ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts())
            .map(|index_in_instruction| {
                Ok(instruction_context
                    .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?
                    .get_data()
                    .len())
            })
            .collect::<Result<Vec<usize>, InstructionError>>()?;
        Ok((buffer, account_lengths))
    })
}

pub fn deserialize_parameters(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
    buffer: &[u8],
    account_lengths: &[usize],
    do_support_realloc: bool,
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    let is_loader_deprecated = *instruction_context
        .try_borrow_program_account(transaction_context)?
        .get_owner()
        == bpf_loader_deprecated::id();
    if is_loader_deprecated {
        deserialize_parameters_unaligned(
            transaction_context,
            instruction_context,
            buffer,
            account_lengths,
        )
    } else {
        deserialize_parameters_aligned(
            transaction_context,
            instruction_context,
            buffer,
            account_lengths,
            do_support_realloc,
        )
    }
}

pub fn serialize_parameters_unaligned(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
) -> Result<AlignedMemory, InstructionError> {
    // Calculate size in order to alloc once
    let mut size = size_of::<u64>();
    for index_in_instruction in instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts()
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        size += 1; // dup
        if duplicate.is_none() {
            let data_len = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?
                .get_data()
                .len();
            size += size_of::<u8>() // is_signer
                + size_of::<u8>() // is_writable
                + size_of::<Pubkey>() // key
                + size_of::<u64>()  // lamports
                + size_of::<u64>()  // data len
                + data_len // data
                + size_of::<Pubkey>() // owner
                + size_of::<u8>() // executable
                + size_of::<u64>(); // rent_epoch
        }
    }
    size += size_of::<u64>() // instruction data len
         + instruction_context.get_instruction_data().len() // instruction data
         + size_of::<Pubkey>(); // program id
    let mut v = AlignedMemory::new(size, HOST_ALIGN);

    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(instruction_context.get_number_of_instruction_accounts() as u64)
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    for index_in_instruction in instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts()
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        if let Some(position) = duplicate {
            v.write_u8(position as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
        } else {
            let borrowed_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?;
            v.write_u8(std::u8::MAX)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_signer() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_writable() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_key().as_ref())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_lamports())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_data().len() as u64)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_data())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_owner().as_ref())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_executable() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_rent_epoch() as u64)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
        }
    }
    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(instruction_context.get_instruction_data().len() as u64)
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    v.write_all(instruction_context.get_instruction_data())
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    v.write_all(
        instruction_context
            .try_borrow_program_account(transaction_context)?
            .get_key()
            .as_ref(),
    )
    .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    Ok(v)
}

pub fn deserialize_parameters_unaligned(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
    buffer: &[u8],
    account_lengths: &[usize],
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    let mut start = size_of::<u64>(); // number of accounts
    for (index_in_instruction, pre_len) in (instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts())
        .zip(account_lengths.iter())
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        start += 1; // is_dup
        if duplicate.is_none() {
            let mut borrowed_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?;
            start += size_of::<u8>(); // is_signer
            start += size_of::<u8>(); // is_writable
            start += size_of::<Pubkey>(); // key
            let _ = borrowed_account.set_lamports(LittleEndian::read_u64(&buffer[start..]));
            start += size_of::<u64>() // lamports
                + size_of::<u64>(); // data length
            let _ = borrowed_account.set_data(&buffer[start..start + pre_len]);
            start += pre_len // data
                + size_of::<Pubkey>() // owner
                + size_of::<u8>() // executable
                + size_of::<u64>(); // rent_epoch
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

pub fn serialize_parameters_aligned(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
) -> Result<AlignedMemory, InstructionError> {
    // Calculate size in order to alloc once
    let mut size = size_of::<u64>();
    for index_in_instruction in instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts()
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        size += 1; // dup
        if duplicate.is_some() {
            size += 7; // padding to 64-bit aligned
        } else {
            let data_len = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?
                .get_data()
                .len();
            size += size_of::<u8>() // is_signer
                + size_of::<u8>() // is_writable
                + size_of::<u8>() // executable
                + 4 // padding to 128-bit aligned
                + size_of::<Pubkey>()  // key
                + size_of::<Pubkey>() // owner
                + size_of::<u64>()  // lamports
                + size_of::<u64>()  // data len
                + data_len
                + MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE
                + (data_len as *const u8).align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128)
                + size_of::<u64>(); // rent epoch
        }
    }
    size += size_of::<u64>() // data len
    + instruction_context.get_instruction_data().len()
    + size_of::<Pubkey>(); // program id;
    let mut v = AlignedMemory::new(size, HOST_ALIGN);

    // Serialize into the buffer
    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(instruction_context.get_number_of_instruction_accounts() as u64)
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    for index_in_instruction in instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts()
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        if let Some(position) = duplicate {
            v.write_u8(position as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(&[0u8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?; // 7 bytes of padding to make 64-bit aligned
        } else {
            let borrowed_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?;
            v.write_u8(std::u8::MAX)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_signer() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_writable() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u8(borrowed_account.is_executable() as u8)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(&[0u8, 0, 0, 0])
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?; // 4 bytes of padding to make 128-bit aligned
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_key().as_ref())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_owner().as_ref())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_lamports())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_data().len() as u64)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_all(borrowed_account.get_data())
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.resize(
                MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE
                    + (v.write_index() as *const u8).align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128),
                0,
            )
            .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
            v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(borrowed_account.get_rent_epoch() as u64)
                .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
        }
    }
    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(instruction_context.get_instruction_data().len() as u64)
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    v.write_all(instruction_context.get_instruction_data())
        .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    v.write_all(
        instruction_context
            .try_borrow_program_account(transaction_context)?
            .get_key()
            .as_ref(),
    )
    .map_err(|_| InstructionError::InvalidArgument)?;
    Ok(v)
}

pub fn deserialize_parameters_aligned(
    transaction_context: &TransactionContext,
    instruction_context: &InstructionContext,
    buffer: &[u8],
    account_lengths: &[usize],
    do_support_realloc: bool,
) -> Result<(), InstructionError> {
    let mut start = size_of::<u64>(); // number of accounts
    for (index_in_instruction, pre_len) in (instruction_context.get_number_of_program_accounts()
        ..instruction_context.get_number_of_accounts())
        .zip(account_lengths.iter())
    {
        let duplicate = is_duplicate(instruction_context, index_in_instruction);
        start += size_of::<u8>(); // position
        if duplicate.is_some() {
            start += 7; // padding to 64-bit aligned
        } else {
            let mut borrowed_account = instruction_context
                .try_borrow_account(transaction_context, index_in_instruction)?;
            start += size_of::<u8>() // is_signer
                + size_of::<u8>() // is_writable
                + size_of::<u8>() // executable
                + 4 // padding to 128-bit aligned
                + size_of::<Pubkey>(); // key
            let _ = borrowed_account.set_owner(&buffer[start..start + size_of::<Pubkey>()]);
            start += size_of::<Pubkey>(); // owner
            let _ = borrowed_account.set_lamports(LittleEndian::read_u64(&buffer[start..]));
            start += size_of::<u64>(); // lamports
            let post_len = LittleEndian::read_u64(&buffer[start..]) as usize;
            start += size_of::<u64>(); // data length
            let data_end = if do_support_realloc {
                if post_len.saturating_sub(*pre_len) > MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE
                    || post_len > MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_LENGTH as usize
                {
                    return Err(InstructionError::InvalidRealloc);
                }
                start + post_len
            } else {
                let mut data_end = start + *pre_len;
                if post_len != *pre_len
                    && (post_len.saturating_sub(*pre_len)) <= MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE
                {
                    data_end = start + post_len;
                }
                data_end
            };
            let _ = borrowed_account.set_data(&buffer[start..data_end]);
            start += *pre_len + MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE; // data
            start += (start as *const u8).align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128);
            start += size_of::<u64>(); // rent_epoch
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use {
        super::*,
        solana_program_runtime::invoke_context::{prepare_mock_invoke_context, InvokeContext},
        solana_sdk::{
            account::{Account, AccountSharedData, ReadableAccount, WritableAccount},
            account_info::AccountInfo,
            bpf_loader,
            entrypoint::deserialize,
            instruction::AccountMeta,
        },
        std::{
            cell::RefCell,
            rc::Rc,
            slice::{from_raw_parts, from_raw_parts_mut},
        },
    };

    #[test]
    fn test_serialize_parameters() {
        let program_id = solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand();
        let transaction_accounts = vec![
            (
                program_id,
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 0,
                    data: vec![],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: true,
                    rent_epoch: 0,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 1,
                    data: vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: false,
                    rent_epoch: 100,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 2,
                    data: vec![11u8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: true,
                    rent_epoch: 200,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 3,
                    data: vec![],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: false,
                    rent_epoch: 3100,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 4,
                    data: vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: false,
                    rent_epoch: 100,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 5,
                    data: vec![11u8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: true,
                    rent_epoch: 200,
                }),
            ),
            (
                solana_sdk::pubkey::new_rand(),
                AccountSharedData::from(Account {
                    lamports: 6,
                    data: vec![],
                    owner: bpf_loader::id(),
                    executable: false,
                    rent_epoch: 3100,
                }),
            ),
        ];
        let instruction_accounts = [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6]
            .into_iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(index_in_instruction, index_in_transaction)| AccountMeta {
                pubkey: transaction_accounts[index_in_transaction].0,
                is_signer: false,
                is_writable: index_in_instruction >= 4,
            })
            .collect();
        let instruction_data = vec![1u8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11];
        let program_indices = [0];
        let mut original_accounts = transaction_accounts.clone();
        let preparation = prepare_mock_invoke_context(
            transaction_accounts,
            instruction_accounts,
            &program_indices,
        );
        let mut transaction_context =
            TransactionContext::new(preparation.transaction_accounts, 1, 1);
        let mut invoke_context = InvokeContext::new_mock(&mut transaction_context, &[]);
        invoke_context
            .push(
                &preparation.instruction_accounts,
                &program_indices,
                &instruction_data,
            )
            .unwrap();
        let instruction_context = invoke_context
            .transaction_context
            .get_current_instruction_context()
            .unwrap();

        // check serialize_parameters_aligned

        let (mut serialized, account_lengths) =
            serialize_parameters(invoke_context.transaction_context, instruction_context).unwrap();

        let (de_program_id, de_accounts, de_instruction_data) =
            unsafe { deserialize(&mut serialized.as_slice_mut()[0] as *mut u8) };

        assert_eq!(&program_id, de_program_id);
        assert_eq!(instruction_data, de_instruction_data);
        assert_eq!(
            (&de_instruction_data[0] as *const u8).align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128),
            0
        );
        for account_info in de_accounts {
            let index_in_transaction = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .find_index_of_account(account_info.key)
                .unwrap();
            let account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow();
            assert_eq!(account.lamports(), account_info.lamports());
            assert_eq!(account.data(), &account_info.data.borrow()[..]);
            assert_eq!(account.owner(), account_info.owner);
            assert_eq!(account.executable(), account_info.executable);
            assert_eq!(account.rent_epoch(), account_info.rent_epoch);

            assert_eq!(
                (*account_info.lamports.borrow() as *const u64).align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128),
                0
            );
            assert_eq!(
                account_info
                    .data
                    .borrow()
                    .as_ptr()
                    .align_offset(BPF_ALIGN_OF_U128),
                0
            );
        }

        for index_in_transaction in 1..original_accounts.len() {
            let mut account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow_mut();
            account.set_lamports(0);
            account.set_data(vec![0; 0]);
            account.set_owner(Pubkey::default());
        }
        deserialize_parameters(
            invoke_context.transaction_context,
            instruction_context,
            serialized.as_slice(),
            &account_lengths,
            true,
        )
        .unwrap();
        for (index_in_transaction, (_key, original_account)) in original_accounts.iter().enumerate()
        {
            let account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow();
            assert_eq!(&*account, original_account);
        }

        // check serialize_parameters_unaligned
        original_accounts[0]
            .1
            .set_owner(bpf_loader_deprecated::id());
        let _ = invoke_context
            .transaction_context
            .get_current_instruction_context()
            .unwrap()
            .try_borrow_account(invoke_context.transaction_context, 0)
            .unwrap()
            .set_owner(bpf_loader_deprecated::id().as_ref());

        let (mut serialized, account_lengths) =
            serialize_parameters(invoke_context.transaction_context, instruction_context).unwrap();

        let (de_program_id, de_accounts, de_instruction_data) =
            unsafe { deserialize_unaligned(&mut serialized.as_slice_mut()[0] as *mut u8) };
        assert_eq!(&program_id, de_program_id);
        assert_eq!(instruction_data, de_instruction_data);
        for account_info in de_accounts {
            let index_in_transaction = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .find_index_of_account(account_info.key)
                .unwrap();
            let account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow();
            assert_eq!(account.lamports(), account_info.lamports());
            assert_eq!(account.data(), &account_info.data.borrow()[..]);
            assert_eq!(account.owner(), account_info.owner);
            assert_eq!(account.executable(), account_info.executable);
            assert_eq!(account.rent_epoch(), account_info.rent_epoch);
        }

        for index_in_transaction in 1..original_accounts.len() {
            let mut account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow_mut();
            account.set_lamports(0);
            account.set_data(vec![0; 0]);
        }
        deserialize_parameters(
            invoke_context.transaction_context,
            instruction_context,
            serialized.as_slice(),
            &account_lengths,
            true,
        )
        .unwrap();
        for (index_in_transaction, (_key, original_account)) in original_accounts.iter().enumerate()
        {
            let account = invoke_context
                .transaction_context
                .get_account_at_index(index_in_transaction)
                .unwrap()
                .borrow();
            assert_eq!(&*account, original_account);
        }
    }

    // the old bpf_loader in-program deserializer bpf_loader::id()
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub unsafe fn deserialize_unaligned<'a>(
        input: *mut u8,
    ) -> (&'a Pubkey, Vec<AccountInfo<'a>>, &'a [u8]) {
        let mut offset: usize = 0;

        // number of accounts present

        #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
        let num_accounts = *(input.add(offset) as *const u64) as usize;
        offset += size_of::<u64>();

        // account Infos

        let mut accounts = Vec::with_capacity(num_accounts);
        for _ in 0..num_accounts {
            let dup_info = *(input.add(offset) as *const u8);
            offset += size_of::<u8>();
            if dup_info == std::u8::MAX {
                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let is_signer = *(input.add(offset) as *const u8) != 0;
                offset += size_of::<u8>();

                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let is_writable = *(input.add(offset) as *const u8) != 0;
                offset += size_of::<u8>();

                let key: &Pubkey = &*(input.add(offset) as *const Pubkey);
                offset += size_of::<Pubkey>();

                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let lamports = Rc::new(RefCell::new(&mut *(input.add(offset) as *mut u64)));
                offset += size_of::<u64>();

                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let data_len = *(input.add(offset) as *const u64) as usize;
                offset += size_of::<u64>();

                let data = Rc::new(RefCell::new({
                    from_raw_parts_mut(input.add(offset), data_len)
                }));
                offset += data_len;

                let owner: &Pubkey = &*(input.add(offset) as *const Pubkey);
                offset += size_of::<Pubkey>();

                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let executable = *(input.add(offset) as *const u8) != 0;
                offset += size_of::<u8>();

                #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
                let rent_epoch = *(input.add(offset) as *const u64);
                offset += size_of::<u64>();

                accounts.push(AccountInfo {
                    key,
                    is_signer,
                    is_writable,
                    lamports,
                    data,
                    owner,
                    executable,
                    rent_epoch,
                });
            } else {
                // duplicate account, clone the original
                accounts.push(accounts[dup_info as usize].clone());
            }
        }

        // instruction data

        #[allow(clippy::cast_ptr_alignment)]
        let instruction_data_len = *(input.add(offset) as *const u64) as usize;
        offset += size_of::<u64>();

        let instruction_data = { from_raw_parts(input.add(offset), instruction_data_len) };
        offset += instruction_data_len;

        // program Id

        let program_id: &Pubkey = &*(input.add(offset) as *const Pubkey);

        (program_id, accounts, instruction_data)
    }
}