diff --git a/core/src/commitment_service.rs b/core/src/commitment_service.rs
index bbccbfd82d..c3a7a6a14d 100644
--- a/core/src/commitment_service.rs
+++ b/core/src/commitment_service.rs
@@ -246,10 +246,7 @@ mod tests {
         bank_forks::BankForks,
         genesis_utils::{create_genesis_config_with_vote_accounts, ValidatorVoteKeypairs},
     };
-    use solana_sdk::{
-        pubkey::Pubkey,
-        signature::{Keypair, Signer},
-    };
+    use solana_sdk::{pubkey::Pubkey, signature::Signer};
     use solana_stake_program::stake_state;
     use solana_vote_program::{
         vote_state::{self, VoteStateVersions},
@@ -488,14 +485,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         let block_commitment_cache = RwLock::new(BlockCommitmentCache::new_for_tests());
 
-        let node_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
-        let vote_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
-        let stake_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
-        let validator_keypairs = vec![ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
-            node_keypair: node_keypair.clone(),
-            vote_keypair: vote_keypair.clone(),
-            stake_keypair,
-        }];
+        let validator_vote_keypairs = ValidatorVoteKeypairs::new_rand();
+        let validator_keypairs = vec![&validator_vote_keypairs];
         let GenesisConfigInfo {
             genesis_config,
             mint_keypair: _,
@@ -518,9 +509,9 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![x],
                 previous_bank.hash(),
                 previous_bank.last_blockhash(),
-                &node_keypair,
-                &vote_keypair,
-                &vote_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.node_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
                 None,
             );
             bank.process_transaction(&vote).unwrap();
@@ -528,7 +519,10 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let working_bank = bank_forks.working_bank();
-        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(vote_keypair.pubkey(), &working_bank);
+        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(
+            validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &working_bank,
+        );
         for x in 0..root {
             bank_forks.set_root(x, &None, None);
         }
@@ -540,16 +534,19 @@ mod tests {
             vec![33],
             bank33.hash(),
             bank33.last_blockhash(),
-            &node_keypair,
-            &vote_keypair,
-            &vote_keypair,
+            &validator_vote_keypairs.node_keypair,
+            &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
+            &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
             None,
         );
         bank34.process_transaction(&vote33).unwrap();
         bank_forks.insert(bank34);
 
         let working_bank = bank_forks.working_bank();
-        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(vote_keypair.pubkey(), &working_bank);
+        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(
+            validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &working_bank,
+        );
         let ancestors = working_bank.status_cache_ancestors();
         let _ = AggregateCommitmentService::update_commitment_cache(
             &block_commitment_cache,
@@ -601,9 +598,9 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![x],
                 previous_bank.hash(),
                 previous_bank.last_blockhash(),
-                &node_keypair,
-                &vote_keypair,
-                &vote_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.node_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
+                &validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair,
                 None,
             );
             bank.process_transaction(&vote).unwrap();
@@ -611,7 +608,10 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let working_bank = bank_forks.working_bank();
-        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(vote_keypair.pubkey(), &working_bank);
+        let root = get_vote_account_root_slot(
+            validator_vote_keypairs.vote_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &working_bank,
+        );
         let ancestors = working_bank.status_cache_ancestors();
         let _ = AggregateCommitmentService::update_commitment_cache(
             &block_commitment_cache,
diff --git a/core/src/repair_weight.rs b/core/src/repair_weight.rs
index 3c71ede347..8b9094821b 100644
--- a/core/src/repair_weight.rs
+++ b/core/src/repair_weight.rs
@@ -511,6 +511,7 @@ mod test {
     use super::*;
     use solana_ledger::{blockstore::Blockstore, get_tmp_ledger_path};
     use solana_runtime::{bank::Bank, bank_utils};
+    use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
     use trees::tr;
 
     #[test]
@@ -658,7 +659,7 @@ mod test {
         assert_eq!(repair_weight.trees.get(&8).unwrap().ancestors(10), vec![8]);
 
         // Connect orphan back to main fork
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         assert_eq!(
             AncestorIterator::new(8, &blockstore).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             vec![6, 5, 3, 1, 0]
@@ -742,8 +743,8 @@ mod test {
         assert!(repair_weight.trees.contains_key(&20));
 
         // Resolve orphans in blockstore
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true);
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(11) / (tr(20)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(11) / (tr(20)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         // Call `update_orphan_ancestors` to resolve orphan
         repair_weight.update_orphan_ancestors(
             &blockstore,
@@ -853,8 +854,8 @@ mod test {
         // Resolve the orphans, should now return no
         // orphans
         repairs = vec![];
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true);
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(11) / (tr(20)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(6) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(11) / (tr(20)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         repair_weight.get_best_orphans(
             &blockstore,
             &mut repairs,
@@ -889,7 +890,7 @@ mod test {
         // orphan in the `trees` map, we should search for
         // exactly one more of the remaining two
         let mut repairs = vec![];
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(100) / (tr(101)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(100) / (tr(101)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         repair_weight.get_best_orphans(
             &blockstore,
             &mut repairs,
@@ -991,7 +992,7 @@ mod test {
 
         // Chain orphan 8 back to the main fork, but don't
         // touch orphan 20
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(4) / (tr(8)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(4) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
 
         // Call `update_orphan_ancestors` to resolve orphan
         repair_weight.update_orphan_ancestors(
@@ -1061,10 +1062,10 @@ mod test {
             }
 
             // Chain orphan 8 back to slot `old_parent`
-            blockstore.add_tree(tr(*old_parent) / (tr(8)), true, true);
+            blockstore.add_tree(tr(*old_parent) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
 
             // Chain orphan 20 back to orphan 8
-            blockstore.add_tree(tr(8) / (tr(20)), true, true);
+            blockstore.add_tree(tr(8) / (tr(20)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
 
             // Call `update_orphan_ancestors` to resolve orphan
             repair_weight.update_orphan_ancestors(
@@ -1089,7 +1090,13 @@ mod test {
 
             // Add a vote that chains back to `old_parent`, should be purged
             let new_vote_slot = 100;
-            blockstore.add_tree(tr(*old_parent) / tr(new_vote_slot), true, true);
+            blockstore.add_tree(
+                tr(*old_parent) / tr(new_vote_slot),
+                true,
+                true,
+                2,
+                Hash::default(),
+            );
             repair_weight.add_votes(
                 &blockstore,
                 vec![(new_vote_slot, vec![Pubkey::default()])].into_iter(),
@@ -1137,7 +1144,7 @@ mod test {
         );
 
         // Ancestors of slot 31 are [30], with no existing subtree
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(30) / (tr(31)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(30) / (tr(31)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         assert_eq!(
             repair_weight.find_ancestor_subtree_of_slot(&blockstore, 31),
             (vec![30].into_iter().collect::<VecDeque<_>>(), None)
@@ -1155,7 +1162,7 @@ mod test {
 
         // Chain orphan 8 back to slot 4 on a different fork, ancestor search
         // should not return ancestors earlier than the root
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(4) / (tr(8)), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(4) / (tr(8)), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         assert_eq!(
             repair_weight.find_ancestor_subtree_of_slot(&blockstore, 8),
             (vec![4].into_iter().collect::<VecDeque<_>>(), None)
@@ -1242,8 +1249,8 @@ mod test {
         */
 
         let blockstore = setup_forks();
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(8) / (tr(10) / (tr(11))), true, true);
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(20) / (tr(22) / (tr(23))), true, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(8) / (tr(10) / (tr(11))), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(20) / (tr(22) / (tr(23))), true, true, 2, Hash::default());
         assert!(blockstore.orphan(8).unwrap().is_some());
         blockstore
     }
@@ -1265,7 +1272,7 @@ mod test {
         let forks = tr(0) / (tr(1) / (tr(2) / (tr(4))) / (tr(3) / (tr(5) / (tr(6)))));
         let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path!();
         let blockstore = Blockstore::open(&ledger_path).unwrap();
-        blockstore.add_tree(forks, false, true);
+        blockstore.add_tree(forks, false, true, 2, Hash::default());
         blockstore
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/src/repair_weighted_traversal.rs b/core/src/repair_weighted_traversal.rs
index 6672301008..a6354e3b8d 100644
--- a/core/src/repair_weighted_traversal.rs
+++ b/core/src/repair_weighted_traversal.rs
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ pub mod test {
     use super::*;
     use solana_ledger::{get_tmp_ledger_path, shred::Shred};
     use solana_runtime::bank_utils;
+    use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
     use trees::tr;
 
     #[test]
@@ -246,7 +247,13 @@ pub mod test {
         repairs = vec![];
         let best_overall_slot = heaviest_subtree_fork_choice.best_overall_slot();
         assert_eq!(heaviest_subtree_fork_choice.best_overall_slot(), 4);
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(best_overall_slot) / (tr(6) / tr(7)), true, false);
+        blockstore.add_tree(
+            tr(best_overall_slot) / (tr(6) / tr(7)),
+            true,
+            false,
+            2,
+            Hash::default(),
+        );
         get_best_repair_shreds(
             &heaviest_subtree_fork_choice,
             &blockstore,
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@ pub mod test {
         // Adding incomplete children with higher weighted parents, even if
         // the parents are complete should still be repaired
         repairs = vec![];
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(8)), true, false);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(8)), true, false, 2, Hash::default());
         get_best_repair_shreds(
             &heaviest_subtree_fork_choice,
             &blockstore,
@@ -322,7 +329,7 @@ pub mod test {
         let (blockstore, heaviest_subtree_fork_choice) = setup_forks();
         // Add a branch to slot 2, make sure it doesn't repair child
         // 4 again when the Unvisited(2) event happens
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(6) / tr(7)), true, false);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(6) / tr(7)), true, false, 2, Hash::default());
         let mut repairs = vec![];
         get_best_repair_shreds(
             &heaviest_subtree_fork_choice,
@@ -368,7 +375,7 @@ pub mod test {
         // Adding slot 2 to ignore should not remove its unexplored children from
         // the repair set
         repairs = vec![];
-        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(6) / tr(7)), true, false);
+        blockstore.add_tree(tr(2) / (tr(6) / tr(7)), true, false, 2, Hash::default());
         ignore_set.insert(2);
         get_best_repair_shreds(
             &heaviest_subtree_fork_choice,
@@ -420,7 +427,7 @@ pub mod test {
         let forks = tr(0) / (tr(1) / (tr(2) / (tr(4))) / (tr(3) / (tr(5))));
         let ledger_path = get_tmp_ledger_path!();
         let blockstore = Blockstore::open(&ledger_path).unwrap();
-        blockstore.add_tree(forks.clone(), false, false);
+        blockstore.add_tree(forks.clone(), false, false, 2, Hash::default());
 
         (blockstore, HeaviestSubtreeForkChoice::new_from_tree(forks))
     }
diff --git a/core/src/rpc.rs b/core/src/rpc.rs
index 513de83414..aeb07bf22f 100644
--- a/core/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/core/src/rpc.rs
@@ -4035,7 +4035,7 @@ pub mod tests {
         (
             Arc::new(RwLock::new(BankForks::new(bank))),
             mint_keypair,
-            voting_keypair,
+            Arc::new(voting_keypair),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/core/src/validator.rs b/core/src/validator.rs
index a889d960aa..db126f8cb3 100644
--- a/core/src/validator.rs
+++ b/core/src/validator.rs
@@ -863,8 +863,8 @@ impl TestValidator {
         } = create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
             mint_lamports,
             &contact_info.id,
-            Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
-            Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
+            &Keypair::new(),
+            &Pubkey::new_rand(),
             42,
             bootstrap_validator_lamports,
         );
@@ -882,12 +882,13 @@ impl TestValidator {
             )),
             ..ValidatorConfig::default()
         };
+        let vote_pubkey = voting_keypair.pubkey();
         let node = Validator::new(
             node,
             &node_keypair,
             &ledger_path,
             &voting_keypair.pubkey(),
-            vec![voting_keypair.clone()],
+            vec![Arc::new(voting_keypair)],
             None,
             true,
             &config,
@@ -899,7 +900,7 @@ impl TestValidator {
             alice: mint_keypair,
             ledger_path,
             genesis_hash: blockhash,
-            vote_pubkey: voting_keypair.pubkey(),
+            vote_pubkey,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1117,7 +1118,7 @@ mod tests {
                         .genesis_config;
                 let (validator_ledger_path, _blockhash) = create_new_tmp_ledger!(&genesis_config);
                 ledger_paths.push(validator_ledger_path.clone());
-                let vote_account_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::new());
+                let vote_account_keypair = Keypair::new();
                 let config = ValidatorConfig {
                     rpc_ports: Some((
                         validator_node.info.rpc.port(),
@@ -1131,7 +1132,7 @@ mod tests {
                     &Arc::new(validator_keypair),
                     &validator_ledger_path,
                     &vote_account_keypair.pubkey(),
-                    vec![vote_account_keypair.clone()],
+                    vec![Arc::new(vote_account_keypair)],
                     Some(&leader_node.info),
                     true,
                     &config,
diff --git a/core/tests/gossip.rs b/core/tests/gossip.rs
index 13de97b281..637342ba3a 100644
--- a/core/tests/gossip.rs
+++ b/core/tests/gossip.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,9 @@ pub fn cluster_info_scale() {
 
     let nodes: Vec<_> = vote_keypairs
         .into_iter()
-        .map(|keypairs| test_node_with_bank(keypairs.node_keypair, &exit, bank_forks.clone()))
+        .map(|keypairs| {
+            test_node_with_bank(Arc::new(keypairs.node_keypair), &exit, bank_forks.clone())
+        })
         .collect();
     let ci0 = nodes[0].0.my_contact_info();
     for node in &nodes[1..] {
diff --git a/ledger/src/blockstore.rs b/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
index a9aa4abcfb..a2dc7165ef 100644
--- a/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
+++ b/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
@@ -350,18 +350,39 @@ impl Blockstore {
         Ok((blockstore, signal_receiver, completed_slots_receiver))
     }
 
-    pub fn add_tree(&self, forks: Tree<Slot>, is_orphan: bool, is_slot_complete: bool) {
+    pub fn add_tree(
+        &self,
+        forks: Tree<Slot>,
+        is_orphan: bool,
+        is_slot_complete: bool,
+        num_ticks: u64,
+        starting_hash: Hash,
+    ) {
         let mut walk = TreeWalk::from(forks);
+        let mut blockhashes = HashMap::new();
         while let Some(visit) = walk.get() {
             let slot = visit.node().data;
             if self.meta(slot).unwrap().is_some() && self.orphan(slot).unwrap().is_none() {
-                // If slot exists and is not an orphan, then skip it
+                // If slot exists in blockstore and is not an orphan, then skip it
                 walk.forward();
                 continue;
             }
             let parent = walk.get_parent().map(|n| n.data);
             if parent.is_some() || !is_orphan {
-                let entries = create_ticks(2, 0, Hash::default());
+                let parent_hash = parent
+                    // parent won't exist for first node in a tree where
+                    // `is_orphan == true`
+                    .and_then(|parent| blockhashes.get(&parent))
+                    .unwrap_or(&starting_hash);
+                let mut entries = create_ticks(
+                    num_ticks * (std::cmp::max(1, slot - parent.unwrap_or(slot))),
+                    0,
+                    *parent_hash,
+                );
+                blockhashes.insert(slot, entries.last().unwrap().hash);
+                if !is_slot_complete {
+                    entries.pop().unwrap();
+                }
                 let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
                     entries.clone(),
                     slot,
@@ -407,6 +428,16 @@ impl Blockstore {
         self.orphans_cf.get(slot)
     }
 
+    // Get max root or 0 if it doesn't exist
+    pub fn max_root(&self) -> Slot {
+        self.db
+            .iter::<cf::Root>(IteratorMode::End)
+            .expect("Couldn't get rooted iterator for max_root()")
+            .next()
+            .map(|(slot, _)| slot)
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
     pub fn slot_meta_iterator<'a>(
         &'a self,
         slot: Slot,
diff --git a/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs b/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
index 437e109db3..2b0f69dce8 100644
--- a/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
+++ b/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
@@ -135,9 +135,10 @@ impl LocalCluster {
                     if *in_genesis {
                         Some((
                             ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
-                                node_keypair: node_keypair.clone(),
-                                vote_keypair: Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
-                                stake_keypair: Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
+                                node_keypair: Keypair::from_bytes(&node_keypair.to_bytes())
+                                    .unwrap(),
+                                vote_keypair: Keypair::new(),
+                                stake_keypair: Keypair::new(),
                             },
                             stake,
                         ))
@@ -205,9 +206,12 @@ impl LocalCluster {
             leader_node.info.rpc_banks.port(),
         ));
         leader_config.account_paths = vec![leader_ledger_path.join("accounts")];
+        let leader_keypair = Arc::new(Keypair::from_bytes(&leader_keypair.to_bytes()).unwrap());
+        let leader_vote_keypair =
+            Arc::new(Keypair::from_bytes(&leader_vote_keypair.to_bytes()).unwrap());
         let leader_server = Validator::new(
             leader_node,
-            leader_keypair,
+            &leader_keypair,
             &leader_ledger_path,
             &leader_vote_keypair.pubkey(),
             vec![leader_vote_keypair.clone()],
@@ -218,8 +222,8 @@ impl LocalCluster {
 
         let mut validators = HashMap::new();
         let leader_info = ValidatorInfo {
-            keypair: leader_keypair.clone(),
-            voting_keypair: leader_vote_keypair.clone(),
+            keypair: leader_keypair,
+            voting_keypair: leader_vote_keypair,
             ledger_path: leader_ledger_path,
             contact_info: leader_contact_info.clone(),
         };
@@ -241,7 +245,12 @@ impl LocalCluster {
 
         let node_pubkey_to_vote_key: HashMap<Pubkey, Arc<Keypair>> = keys_in_genesis
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|keypairs| (keypairs.node_keypair.pubkey(), keypairs.vote_keypair))
+            .map(|keypairs| {
+                (
+                    keypairs.node_keypair.pubkey(),
+                    Arc::new(Keypair::from_bytes(&keypairs.vote_keypair.to_bytes()).unwrap()),
+                )
+            })
             .collect();
         for (stake, validator_config, (key, _)) in izip!(
             (&config.node_stakes[1..]).iter(),
diff --git a/runtime/src/genesis_utils.rs b/runtime/src/genesis_utils.rs
index be2645eaf6..badb51feae 100644
--- a/runtime/src/genesis_utils.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/genesis_utils.rs
@@ -9,23 +9,19 @@ use solana_sdk::{
 };
 use solana_stake_program::stake_state;
 use solana_vote_program::vote_state;
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, sync::Arc};
+use std::borrow::Borrow;
 
 // The default stake placed with the bootstrap validator
 pub const BOOTSTRAP_VALIDATOR_LAMPORTS: u64 = 42;
 
 pub struct ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
-    pub node_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-    pub vote_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-    pub stake_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
+    pub node_keypair: Keypair,
+    pub vote_keypair: Keypair,
+    pub stake_keypair: Keypair,
 }
 
 impl ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
-    pub fn new(
-        node_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-        vote_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-        stake_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(node_keypair: Keypair, vote_keypair: Keypair, stake_keypair: Keypair) -> Self {
         Self {
             node_keypair,
             vote_keypair,
@@ -35,9 +31,9 @@ impl ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
 
     pub fn new_rand() -> Self {
         Self {
-            node_keypair: Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
-            vote_keypair: Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
-            stake_keypair: Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
+            node_keypair: Keypair::new(),
+            vote_keypair: Keypair::new(),
+            stake_keypair: Keypair::new(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ impl ValidatorVoteKeypairs {
 pub struct GenesisConfigInfo {
     pub genesis_config: GenesisConfig,
     pub mint_keypair: Keypair,
-    pub voting_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
+    pub voting_keypair: Keypair,
 }
 
 pub fn create_genesis_config(mint_lamports: u64) -> GenesisConfigInfo {
@@ -57,31 +53,32 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_vote_accounts(
     voting_keypairs: &[impl Borrow<ValidatorVoteKeypairs>],
     stakes: Vec<u64>,
 ) -> GenesisConfigInfo {
+    assert!(!voting_keypairs.is_empty());
     assert_eq!(voting_keypairs.len(), stakes.len());
 
     let mut genesis_config_info = create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
         mint_lamports,
         &voting_keypairs[0].borrow().node_keypair.pubkey(),
-        voting_keypairs[0].borrow().vote_keypair.clone(),
-        voting_keypairs[0].borrow().stake_keypair.clone(),
+        &voting_keypairs[0].borrow().vote_keypair,
+        &voting_keypairs[0].borrow().stake_keypair.pubkey(),
         stakes[0],
         BOOTSTRAP_VALIDATOR_LAMPORTS,
     );
 
-    for (validator_voting_keypairs, stake) in voting_keypairs.iter().zip(stakes) {
+    for (validator_voting_keypairs, stake) in voting_keypairs[1..].iter().zip(&stakes[1..]) {
         let node_pubkey = validator_voting_keypairs.borrow().node_keypair.pubkey();
         let vote_pubkey = validator_voting_keypairs.borrow().vote_keypair.pubkey();
         let stake_pubkey = validator_voting_keypairs.borrow().stake_keypair.pubkey();
 
         // Create accounts
         let node_account = Account::new(BOOTSTRAP_VALIDATOR_LAMPORTS, 0, &system_program::id());
-        let vote_account = vote_state::create_account(&vote_pubkey, &node_pubkey, 0, stake);
+        let vote_account = vote_state::create_account(&vote_pubkey, &node_pubkey, 0, *stake);
         let stake_account = stake_state::create_account(
             &stake_pubkey,
             &vote_pubkey,
             &vote_account,
             &genesis_config_info.genesis_config.rent,
-            stake,
+            *stake,
         );
 
         // Put newly created accounts into genesis
@@ -103,8 +100,8 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader(
     create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
         mint_lamports,
         bootstrap_validator_pubkey,
-        Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
-        Arc::new(Keypair::new()),
+        &Keypair::new(),
+        &Pubkey::new_rand(),
         bootstrap_validator_stake_lamports,
         BOOTSTRAP_VALIDATOR_LAMPORTS,
     )
@@ -113,8 +110,8 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader(
 pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
     mint_lamports: u64,
     bootstrap_validator_pubkey: &Pubkey,
-    bootstrap_validator_voting_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
-    bootstrap_validator_staking_keypair: Arc<Keypair>,
+    bootstrap_validator_voting_keypair: &Keypair,
+    bootstrap_validator_staking_pubkey: &Pubkey,
     bootstrap_validator_stake_lamports: u64,
     bootstrap_validator_lamports: u64,
 ) -> GenesisConfigInfo {
@@ -129,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
     let rent = Rent::free();
 
     let bootstrap_validator_stake_account = stake_state::create_account(
-        &bootstrap_validator_staking_keypair.pubkey(),
+        bootstrap_validator_staking_pubkey,
         &bootstrap_validator_voting_keypair.pubkey(),
         &bootstrap_validator_vote_account,
         &rent,
@@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
             bootstrap_validator_vote_account,
         ),
         (
-            bootstrap_validator_staking_keypair.pubkey(),
+            *bootstrap_validator_staking_pubkey,
             bootstrap_validator_stake_account,
         ),
     ]
@@ -171,6 +168,7 @@ pub fn create_genesis_config_with_leader_ex(
     GenesisConfigInfo {
         genesis_config,
         mint_keypair,
-        voting_keypair: bootstrap_validator_voting_keypair,
+        voting_keypair: Keypair::from_bytes(&bootstrap_validator_voting_keypair.to_bytes())
+            .unwrap(),
     }
 }