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Cleanup book (#1904) 

* Cleanup book

* Distinguish upstream from downstream validators
* Add BroadcastStage to Fullnode/Tpu diagrams
* First attempt to re-describe the runtime

* Reorg book

Push back details of the fullnode implementation
This commit is contained in:
Greg Fitzgerald 2018-11-25 16:58:38 -07:00 committed by GitHub
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commit c3fb9d5549
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11 changed files with 483 additions and 359 deletions
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46
art/fullnode.bob
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@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
.------------------------.
| Fullnode |
| |
.--------. | .----------------. |
| |---->| | |
| Client | | | JsonRpcService | |
| |<----| | |
`----+---` | `----------------` |
| | ^ |
| | | |
| | .--+---. .-----. |
| | | Bank |<--| Tvu | |
| | `------` `-----` |
| | ^ ^ |
| | | | | .------------.
| | .--+--. .--+--. | | |
`-------->| Tpu +-->| Ncp |<-------->| Validators |
| `-----` `-----` | | |
| | `------------`
`------------------------`
.---------------------------.
| Fullnode |
| |
.--------. | .----------------. |
| |---->| | |
| Client | | | JsonRpcService | |
| |<----| | |
`----+---` | `----------------` |
| | ^ | .------------------.
| | | .-----. | | Validators |
| | | | Ncp |<---------->| |
| | | `---+-` | | .------------. |
| | | ^ | | | | | |
| | | | v | | | Upstream | |
| | .--+---. .-+---. | | | Validators | |
| | | Bank |<--| Tvu |<--------------+ | |
| | `------` `-----` | | `------------` |
| | ^ | | |
| | | | | .------------. |
| | .--+--. .-----------. | | | | |
`-------->| Tpu +-->| Broadcast +--------->| Downstream | |
| `-----` | Stage | | | | Validators | |
| `-----------` | | | | |
| | | `------------` |
`---------------------------` | |
`------------------`

32
art/tpu.bob
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@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
.----------------------------------------------------.
| Tpu .------------. |
| | PohService | |
| `-------+----` |
| ^ | |
| | v |
| .-------. .-----------. .-+-------. .-------. |
.---------. | | Fetch | | SigVerify | | Banking | | Write | | .------------.
| Clients |--->| Stage |->| Stage |->| Stage |-->| Stage +--->| Validators |
`---------` | | | | | | | | | | `------------`
| `-------` `-----------` `----+----` `---+---` |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
`---------------------------------|------------|-----`
.------------------------------------------------------.
| Tpu .------------. |
| | PohService | |
| `-------+----` |
| ^ | |
| | v |
| .-------. .-----------. .-+-------. .--------. | .------------.
.---------. | | Fetch | | SigVerify | | Banking | | Ledger | | | Broadcast |
| Clients |--->| Stage |->| Stage |->| Stage |-->| Write +---->| Stage |
`---------` | | | | | | | | Stage | | | |
| `-------` `-----------` `----+----` `---+----` | `------------`
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
`---------------------------------|------------|-------`
| |
v v
.------. .--------.

39
art/tvu.bob
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@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
.--------------------------------------------.
| |
| .------------------------------------|---------------------------------------.
| | Tvu | |
| | | |
v | .-------. .------------. .----+---------. .--------. .---------. |
.--------. | | Blob | | Retransmit | | Replicate | | Ledger | | Storage | |
| Leader |----->| Fetch |-->| Stage |-->| Stage |-->| Write |-->| Stage | |
`--------` | | Stage | | | | | | Stage | | | |
| `-------` `----+-------` `----+---------` `--------` `---------` |
| ^ | | |
| | | | |
`--------|----------|----------------|---------------------------------------`
| | |
| V v
.+-----------. .------.
| Validators | | Bank |
`------------` `------`
.--------.
| Leader |
`--------`
^
|
.------------------------------------|---------------------------------------.
| Tvu | |
| | |
| .-------. .------------. .----+---------. .--------. .---------. |
.------------. | | Blob | | Retransmit | | Replicate | | Ledger | | Storage | |
| Upstream +----->| Fetch |-->| Stage |-->| Stage |-->| Write |-->| Stage | |
| Validators | | | Stage | | | | | | Stage | | | |
`------------` | `-------` `----+-------` `----+---------` `--------` `---------` |
| ^ | | |
| | | | |
`--------|----------|----------------|---------------------------------------`
| | |
| V v
.+-----------. .------.
| Ncp | | Bank |
`------------` `------`

16
src/SUMMARY.md
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@ -4,14 +4,7 @@
- [Terminology](terminology.md)
- [On-chain programs](programs.md)
- [The Runtime](runtime.md)
- [Fullnode](fullnode.md)
- [Tpu](tpu.md)
- [Tvu](tvu.md)
- [Ncp](ncp.md)
- [JsonRpcService](jsonrpc-service.md)
- [Programming Model](programs.md)
- [A Solana Cluster](cluster.md)
- [Synchronization](synchronization.md)
@ -21,6 +14,13 @@
- [Ledger Replication](storage.md)
- [Leader Rotation](leader-scheduler.md)
- [Anatomy of a Fullnode](fullnode.md)
- [Tpu](tpu.md)
- [Tvu](tvu.md)
- [Ncp](ncp.md)
- [JsonRpcService](jsonrpc-service.md)
- [The Runtime](runtime.md)
## Appendix
- [Appendix](appendix.md)

243
src/img/fullnode.svg
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Bank
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Tpu
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Broadcast
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Validators
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Validators
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Downstream
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# Ncp
# The Network Control Plane
The Network Control Plane implements a gossip network between all nodes on in the cluster.
The Network Control Plane (Ncp) implements a gossip network between all nodes on in the cluster.

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src/programs.md
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# The Solana SDK
## Introduction
# Programming Model
With the Solana runtime, we can execute on-chain programs concurrently, and
written in the client’s choice of programming language.
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Solana supports several kinds of persistent storage, called *accounts*:
1. Executable
2. Writable by a client
3. Writable by a program
4. Read-only
2. Owned by a client
3. Owned by a program
4. Credit-only
All accounts are identified by public keys and may hold arbirary data.
When the client sends messages to programs, it requests access to storage
using those keys. The runtime loads the account data and passes it to the
program. The runtime also ensures accounts aren't written to if not owned
by the client or program. Any writes to read-only accounts are discarded
by the client or program. Any writes to credit-only accounts are discarded
unless the write was to credit tokens. Any user may credit other accounts
tokens, regardless of account permission.

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# Runtime
The goal with the runtime is to have a general purpose execution environment
that is highly parallelizable. To achieve this goal the runtime forces each
Instruction to specify all of its memory dependencies up front, and therefore a
single Instruction cannot cause a dynamic memory allocation. An explicit
Instruction for memory allocation from the `SystemProgram::CreateAccount` is
the only way to allocate new memory in the engine. A Transaction may compose
multiple Instruction, including `SystemProgram::CreateAccount`, into a single
atomic sequence which allows for memory allocation to achieve a result that is
similar to dynamic allocation.
The runtime is a concurrent transaction processor. Transactions specify their
data dependencies upfront and dynamic memory allocation is explicit. By
separating program code from the state it operates on, the runtime is able to
choreograph concurrent access. Transactions accessing only credit-only
accounts are executed in parallel whereas transactions accessing writable
accounts are serialized. The runtime interacts with the program through an
entrypoint with a well-defined interface. The userdata stored in an account is
an opaque type, an array of bytes. The program has full control over its
contents.
The transaction structure specifies a list of public keys and signatures for
those keys and a sequential list of instructions that will operate over the
states associated with the account keys. For the transaction to be committed
all the instructions must execute successfully; if any abort the whole
transaction fails to commit.
### State
### Account structure
State is addressed by an Account which is at the moment simply the Pubkey. Our
goal is to eliminate memory allocation from within the program itself. Thus
the client of the program provides all the state that is necessary for the
program to execute in the transaction itself. The runtime interacts with the
program through an entry point with a well defined interface. The userdata
stored in an Account is an opaque type to the runtime, a `Vec<u8>`, the
contents of which the program code has full control over.
The Transaction structure specifies a list of Pubkey's and signatures for those
keys and a sequential list of instructions that will operate over the state's
associated with the `account_keys`. For the transaction to be committed all
the instructions must execute successfully, if any abort the whole transaction
fails to commit.
### Account structure Accounts maintain token state as well as program specific
memory.
Accounts maintain a token balance and program-specific memory.
# Transaction Engine
At its core, the engine looks up all the Pubkeys maps them to accounts and
routs them to the `program_id` entry point.
The engine maps public keys to accounts and routes them to the program's
entrypoint.
## Execution
@ -41,48 +31,48 @@ Transactions are batched and processed in a pipeline
<img alt="Runtime pipeline" src="img/runtime.svg" class="center"/>
At the `execute` stage, the loaded pages have no data dependencies, so all the
programs can be executed in parallel.
At the *execute* stage, the loaded pages have no data dependencies, so all the
programs can be executed in parallel.
The runtime enforces the following rules:
1. The `program_id` code is the only code that will modify the contents of
`Account::userdata` of Account's that have been assigned to it. This means
that upon assignment userdata vector is guaranteed to be `0`.
1. Only the *owner* program may modify the contents of an account. This means
that upon assignment userdata vector is guaranteed to be zero.
2. Total balances on all the accounts is equal before and after execution of a
Transaction.
3. Balances of each of the accounts not assigned to `program_id` must be equal
to or greater after the Transaction than before the transaction.
4. All Instructions in the Transaction executed without a failure.
transaction.
3. After the transaction is executed, balances of credit-only accounts must be
greater than or equal to the balances before the transaction.
4. All instructions in the transaction executed atomically. If one fails, all
account modifications are discarded.
## Entry Point Execution of the program involves mapping the Program's public
key to an entry point which takes a pointer to the transaction, and an array of
loaded pages.
Execution of the program involves mapping the program's public key to an
entrypoint which takes a pointer to the transaction, and an array of loaded
pages.
## System Interface
## SystemProgram Interface
The interface is best described by the `Instruction::userdata` that the
user encodes.
* `CreateAccount` - This allows the user to create and assign an Account to a
The interface is best described by the `Instruction::userdata` that the user
encodes.
* `CreateAccount` - This allows the user to create and assign an account to a
Program.
* `Assign` - allows the user to assign an existing account to a `Program`.
* `Move` - moves tokens between `Account`s that are associated with
`SystemProgram`. This cannot be used to move tokens of other `Account`s.
Programs need to implement their own version of Move.
* `Assign` - allows the user to assign an existing account to a program.
* `Move` - moves tokens between account's that are associated with
* `Spawn` - spawn a new program from an account
## Notes
1. There is no dynamic memory allocation. Client's need to call the
`SystemProgram` to create memory before passing it to another program. This
Instruction can be composed into a single Transaction with the call to the
1. There is no dynamic memory allocation. Client's need to use `CreateAccount`
instructions to create memory before passing it to another program. This
instruction can be composed into a single transaction with the call to the
program itself.
2. Runtime guarantees that when memory is assigned to the `Program` it is zero
2. Runtime guarantees that when memory is assigned to the program it is zero
initialized.
3. Runtime guarantees that `Program`'s code is the only thing that can modify
3. Runtime guarantees that a program's code is the only thing that can modify
memory that its assigned to
4. Runtime guarantees that the `Program` can only spend tokens that are in
`Account`s that are assigned to it
5. Runtime guarantees the balances belonging to `Account`s are balanced before
4. Runtime guarantees that the program can only spend tokens that are in
accounts that are assigned to it
5. Runtime guarantees the balances belonging to accounts are balanced before
and after the transaction
6. Runtime guarantees that multiple instructions all executed successfully when
a transaction is committed.

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# Introduction to VDFs
# Verifiable Delay Functions
A Verifiable Delay Function is conceptually a water clock where its water marks
can be recorded and later verified that the water most certainly passed