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<em><strong>rows</strong></em>, <em><strong>columns</strong></em>, and <em><strong>cells</strong></em> of this matrix with the conventional meanings.</p>
<p>A finite field <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathbb">F</span></span></span></span>, where cell values (for a given statement and witness) will be
elements of <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathbb">F</span></span></span></span>.</p>
<spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathbb">F</span></span></span></span> that must evaluate to zero <em>for each row</em>. The variables in a polynomial
constraint may refer to a cell in a given column of the current row, or a given column of
another row relative to this one (with wrap-around, i.e. taken modulo <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span>). The maximum
degree of each polynomial is given by the polynomial degree bound.</p>
<p>The number of rows <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span> in the matrix. <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span> must correspond to the size of a multiplicative
subgroup of <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.771331em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord"><spanclass="mord mathbb">F</span><spanclass="msupsub"><spanclass="vlist-t"><spanclass="vlist-r"><spanclass="vlist"style="height:0.771331em;"><spanstyle="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><spanclass="pstrut"style="height:2.7em;"></span><spanclass="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><spanclass="mbin mtight">×</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>; typically a power of two.</p>
<em><strong>selectors</strong></em> defined in fixed columns. For example, a constraint <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.63889em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><spanclass="mord"><spanclass="mord mathnormal"style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><spanclass="msupsub"><spanclass="vlist-t vlist-t2"><spanclass="vlist-r"><spanclass="vlist"style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><spanstyle="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><spanclass="pstrut"style="height:2.7em;"></span><spanclass="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><spanclass="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><spanclass="vlist-s"></span></span><spanclass="vlist-r"><spanclass="vlist"style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><spanclass="mbin">⋅</span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathnormal">p</span><spanclass="mopen">(</span><spanclass="mord">...</span><spanclass="mclose">)</span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><spanclass="mrel">=</span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord">0</span></span></span></span> can
be switched off for a particular row <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span> by setting <spanclass="katex"><spanclass="katex-html"aria-hidden="true"><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><spanclass="mord"><spanclass="mord mathnormal"style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span><spanclass="msupsub"><spanclass="vlist-t vlist-t2"><spanclass="vlist-r"><spanclass="vlist"style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><spanstyle="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.03588em;margin-right:0.05em;"><spanclass="pstrut"style="height:2.7em;"></span><spanclass="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><spanclass="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><spanclass="vlist-s"></span></span><spanclass="vlist-r"><spanclass="vlist"style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><spanclass="mrel">=</span><spanclass="mspace"style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><spanclass="base"><spanclass="strut"style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><spanclass="mord">0</span></span></span></span>. In this case we sometimes refer
to a set of constraints controlled by a set of selector columns that are designed to be used
together, as a <em><strong>gate</strong></em>. Typically there will be a <em><strong>standard gate</strong></em> that supports generic
operations like field multiplication and division, and possibly also <em><strong>custom gates</strong></em> that