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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">halo2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/proofs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Proof systems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/arithmetization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> UltraPLONK Arithmetization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/cores.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Cores</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/chips.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Chips</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Gadgets</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> User Documentation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/simple-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> A simple example</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/lookup-tables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Lookup tables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Gadgets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/tips-and-tricks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Tips and tricks</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Design</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Proving system</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/lookup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.1.</strong> Lookup argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/permutation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.2.</strong> Permutation argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/circuit-commitments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.3.</strong> Circuit commitments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/vanishing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.4.</strong> Vanishing argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/multipoint-opening.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.5.</strong> Multipoint opening argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/inner-product.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.6.</strong> Inner product argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/comparison.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.7.</strong> Comparison to other work</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Implementation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Gadgets</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets/sha256.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.1.</strong> SHA-256</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets/sha256/table16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.1.1.</strong> 16-bit table chip</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Background Material</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/polynomials.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Polynomials</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/groups.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Cryptographic groups</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/curves.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Elliptic curves</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/upa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> UltraPLONK arithmetisation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/pc-ipa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> Polynomial commitment using inner product argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/recursion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> Recursion</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">The halo2 Book</h1>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#chips" id="chips">Chips</a></h1>
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<p>In order to combine functionality from several cores, we use a <em><strong>chip</strong></em>. To implement a
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chip, we define a set of fixed, advice, and instance columns, and then specify how they
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should be distributed between cores.</p>
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<p>In the simplest case, each core will use columns disjoint from the other cores. However, it
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is allowed to share a column between cores. It is important to optimize the number of advice
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columns in particular, because that affects proof size.</p>
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<p>The result (possibly after optimization) is a UPA configuration. Our circuit implementation
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will be parameterized on a chip, and can use any features of the supported cores via the chip.</p>
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<p>Our hope is that less expert users will normally be able to find an existing chip that
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supports the operations they need, or only have to make minor modifications to an existing
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chip. Expert users will have full control to do the kind of
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<a href="https://zips.z.cash/protocol/canopy.pdf#circuitdesign">circuit optimizations</a>
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<a href="https://electriccoin.co/blog/cultivating-sapling-faster-zksnarks/">that ECC is famous for</a> 🙂.</p>
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