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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">halo2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Concepts</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/proofs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Proof systems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/arithmetization.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> UltraPLONK Arithmetization</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/chips.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Chips</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../concepts/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Gadgets</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> User Documentation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/dev-tools.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Developer tools</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/simple-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> A simple example</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/lookup-tables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Lookup tables</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Gadgets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../user/tips-and-tricks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Tips and tricks</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Design</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Proving system</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/lookup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.1.</strong> Lookup argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/permutation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.2.</strong> Permutation argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/circuit-commitments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.3.</strong> Circuit commitments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/vanishing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.4.</strong> Vanishing argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/multipoint-opening.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.5.</strong> Multipoint opening argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/inner-product.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.6.</strong> Inner product argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/proving-system/comparison.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.7.</strong> Comparison to other work</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/implementation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Implementation</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/implementation/proofs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.1.</strong> Proofs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/implementation/fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.2.</strong> Fields</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Gadgets</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets/sha256.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.1.</strong> SHA-256</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../design/gadgets/sha256/table16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.1.1.</strong> 16-bit table chip</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Background Material</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/fields.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Fields</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/polynomials.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Polynomials</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/groups.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Cryptographic groups</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/curves.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Elliptic curves</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/upa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> UltraPLONK arithmetisation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/pc-ipa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> Polynomial commitment using inner product argument</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../background/recursion.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> Recursion</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">The halo2 Book</h1>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.12.0/dist/katex.min.css" integrity="sha384-AfEj0r4/OFrOo5t7NnNe46zW/tFgW6x/bCJG8FqQCEo3+Aro6EYUG4+cU+KJWu/X" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<h1><a class="header" href="#developer-tools" id="developer-tools">Developer tools</a></h1>
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<p>The <code>halo2</code> crate includes several utilities to help you design and implement your
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circuits.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#mock-prover" id="mock-prover">Mock prover</a></h2>
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<p><code>halo2::dev::MockProver</code> is a tool for debugging circuits, as well as cheaply verifying
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their correctness in unit tests. The private and public inputs to the circuit are
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constructed as would normally be done to create a proof, but <code>MockProver::run</code> instead
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creates an object that will test every constraint in the circuit directly. It returns
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granular error messages that indicate which specific constraint (if any) is not satisfied.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#circuit-visualizations" id="circuit-visualizations">Circuit visualizations</a></h2>
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<p>The <code>dev-graph</code> feature flag exposes several helper methods for creating graphical
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representations of circuits.</p>
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<p><code>halo2::dev::circuit_layout</code> renders the circuit layout as a grid:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Columns are layed out from left to right as advice, instance, and fixed. The order of
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columns is otherwise without meaning.
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<ul>
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<li>Advice columns have a red background.</li>
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<li>Instance columns have a white background.</li>
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<li>Fixed columns have a blue background.</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Regions are shown as labelled green boxes (overlaying the background colour). A region
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may appear as multiple boxes if some of its columns happen to not be adjacent.</li>
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<li>Cells that have been assigned to by the circuit will be shaded in grey. If any cells are
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assigned to more than once (which is usually a mistake), they will be shaded darker than
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the surrounding cells.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><code>halo2::dev::circuit_dot_graph</code> builds a <a href="https://graphviz.org/doc/info/lang.html">DOT graph string</a> representing the given
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circuit, which can then be rendered witha variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOT_(graph_description_language)#Layout_programs">layout programs</a>. The graph is built
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from calls to <code>Layouter::namespace</code> both within the circuit, and inside the gadgets and
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chips that it uses.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#cost-estimator" id="cost-estimator">Cost estimator</a></h2>
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<p>The <code>cost-model</code> binary takes high-level parameters for a circuit design, and estimates
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the verification cost, as well as resulting proof size.</p>
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<pre><code class="language-plaintext">Usage: cargo run --example cost-model -- [OPTIONS] k
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Positional arguments:
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k 2^K bound on the number of rows.
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Optional arguments:
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-h, --help Print this message.
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-a, --advice R[,R..] An advice column with the given rotations. May be repeated.
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-i, --instance R[,R..] An instance column with the given rotations. May be repeated.
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-f, --fixed R[,R..] A fixed column with the given rotations. May be repeated.
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-g, --gate-degree D Maximum degree of the custom gates.
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-l, --lookup N,I,T A lookup over N columns with max input degree I and max table degree T. May be repeated.
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-p, --permutation N A permutation over N columns. May be repeated.
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</code></pre>
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<p>For example, to estimate the cost of a circuit with three advice columns and one fixed
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column (with various rotations), and a maximum gate degree of 4:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7777700000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal">am</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">pl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ecos</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.66666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" 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class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord">411</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ini</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">dd</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">pt</span><span class="mord mathnormal">imi</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">ug</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord">0.03</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">nnin</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord">‘</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">ug</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal">am</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">pl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">es</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">cos</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.77777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.72777em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8388800000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.036108em;vertical-align:-0.286108em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord">411‘</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rc</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">11</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">d</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">c</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mn</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">oo</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">co</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15139200000000003em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">q</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.286108em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">es</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.151392em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">es</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ima</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ima</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="mord mathnormal">roo</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">1440</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">es</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">tl</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">81.689</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord">‘‘‘</span></span></span></span></code></pre>
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