diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 471621c5..bf766fa8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ and this project adheres to Rust's notion of
 
 ### Added
 - `orchard::builder::bundle`
+- `orchard::builder::BundleMetadata`
 - `orchard::builder::BundleType`
 - `orchard::builder::OutputInfo`
 - `orchard::bundle::Flags::{ENABLED, SPENDS_DISABLED, OUTPUTS_DISABLED}`
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ and this project adheres to Rust's notion of
   sent to the same recipient.
 - `orchard::builder::Builder::build` now takes an additional `BundleType` argument
   that specifies how actions should be padded, instead of using hardcoded padding.
-  It also now returns a `Result<Option<Bundle<...>>, ...>` instead of a 
+  It also now returns a `Result<Option<(Bundle<...>, BundleMetadata)>, ...>` instead of a 
   `Result<Bundle<...>, ...>`.
 - `orchard::builder::BuildError` has additional variants:
   - `SpendsDisabled`
diff --git a/benches/circuit.rs b/benches/circuit.rs
index 571ce9a0..5d66f142 100644
--- a/benches/circuit.rs
+++ b/benches/circuit.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 .add_output(None, recipient, NoteValue::from_raw(10), None)
                 .unwrap();
         }
-        let bundle: Bundle<_, i64> = builder.build(rng).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let bundle: Bundle<_, i64> = builder.build(rng).unwrap().unwrap().0;
 
         let instances: Vec<_> = bundle
             .actions()
diff --git a/benches/note_decryption.rs b/benches/note_decryption.rs
index aa10d1de..2cd177e8 100644
--- a/benches/note_decryption.rs
+++ b/benches/note_decryption.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn bench_note_decryption(c: &mut Criterion) {
         builder
             .add_output(None, recipient, NoteValue::from_raw(10), None)
             .unwrap();
-        let bundle: Bundle<_, i64> = builder.build(rng).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let bundle: Bundle<_, i64> = builder.build(rng).unwrap().unwrap().0;
         bundle
             .create_proof(&pk, rng)
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/src/builder.rs b/src/builder.rs
index d7327569..69ae5b59 100644
--- a/src/builder.rs
+++ b/src/builder.rs
@@ -373,6 +373,56 @@ impl ActionInfo {
 /// This is returned by [`Builder::build`].
 pub type UnauthorizedBundle<V> = Bundle<InProgress<Unproven, Unauthorized>, V>;
 
+/// Metadata about a bundle created by [`bundle`] or [`Builder::build`] that is not
+/// necessarily recoverable from the bundle itself.
+///
+/// This includes information about how [`Action`]s within the bundle are ordered (after
+/// padding and randomization) relative to the order in which spends and outputs were
+/// provided (to [`bundle`]), or the order in which [`Builder`] mutations were performed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BundleMetadata {
+    spend_indices: Vec<usize>,
+    output_indices: Vec<usize>,
+}
+
+impl BundleMetadata {
+    fn new(num_requested_spends: usize, num_requested_outputs: usize) -> Self {
+        BundleMetadata {
+            spend_indices: vec![0; num_requested_spends],
+            output_indices: vec![0; num_requested_outputs],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the metadata for a [`Bundle`] that contains only dummy actions, if any.
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::new(0, 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the index within the bundle of the [`Action`] corresponding to the `n`-th
+    /// spend specified in bundle construction. If a [`Builder`] was used, this refers to
+    /// the spend added by the `n`-th call to [`Builder::add_spend`].
+    ///
+    /// For the purpose of improving indistinguishability, actions are padded and note
+    /// positions are randomized when building bundles. This means that the bundle
+    /// consumer cannot assume that e.g. the first spend they added corresponds to the
+    /// first action in the bundle.
+    pub fn spend_action_index(&self, n: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.spend_indices.get(n).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the index within the bundle of the [`Action`] corresponding to the `n`-th
+    /// output specified in bundle construction. If a [`Builder`] was used, this refers to
+    /// the output added by the `n`-th call to [`Builder::add_output`].
+    ///
+    /// For the purpose of improving indistinguishability, actions are padded and note
+    /// positions are randomized when building bundles. This means that the bundle
+    /// consumer cannot assume that e.g. the first output they added corresponds to the
+    /// first action in the bundle.
+    pub fn output_action_index(&self, n: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.output_indices.get(n).copied()
+    }
+}
+
 /// A builder that constructs a [`Bundle`] from a set of notes to be spent, and outputs
 /// to receive funds.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -492,7 +542,7 @@ impl Builder {
     pub fn build<V: TryFrom<i64>>(
         self,
         rng: impl RngCore,
-    ) -> Result<Option<UnauthorizedBundle<V>>, BuildError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<(UnauthorizedBundle<V>, BundleMetadata)>, BuildError> {
         bundle(
             rng,
             self.anchor,
@@ -511,9 +561,9 @@ pub fn bundle<V: TryFrom<i64>>(
     mut rng: impl RngCore,
     anchor: Anchor,
     bundle_type: BundleType,
-    mut spends: Vec<SpendInfo>,
-    mut outputs: Vec<OutputInfo>,
-) -> Result<Option<UnauthorizedBundle<V>>, BuildError> {
+    spends: Vec<SpendInfo>,
+    outputs: Vec<OutputInfo>,
+) -> Result<Option<(UnauthorizedBundle<V>, BundleMetadata)>, BuildError> {
     let flags = bundle_type.flags();
 
     let num_requested_spends = spends.len();
@@ -537,27 +587,48 @@ pub fn bundle<V: TryFrom<i64>>(
         .map_err(|_| BuildError::BundleTypeNotSatisfiable)?;
 
     // Pair up the spends and outputs, extending with dummy values as necessary.
-    let pre_actions: Vec<_> = {
-        spends.extend(
-            iter::repeat_with(|| SpendInfo::dummy(&mut rng))
-                .take(num_actions - num_requested_spends),
-        );
-        outputs.extend(
-            iter::repeat_with(|| OutputInfo::dummy(&mut rng))
-                .take(num_actions - num_requested_outputs),
-        );
+    let (pre_actions, bundle_meta) = {
+        let mut indexed_spends = spends
+            .into_iter()
+            .chain(iter::repeat_with(|| SpendInfo::dummy(&mut rng)))
+            .enumerate()
+            .take(num_actions)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let mut indexed_outputs = outputs
+            .into_iter()
+            .chain(iter::repeat_with(|| OutputInfo::dummy(&mut rng)))
+            .enumerate()
+            .take(num_actions)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         // Shuffle the spends and outputs, so that learning the position of a
         // specific spent note or output note doesn't reveal anything on its own about
         // the meaning of that note in the transaction context.
-        spends.shuffle(&mut rng);
-        outputs.shuffle(&mut rng);
+        indexed_spends.shuffle(&mut rng);
+        indexed_outputs.shuffle(&mut rng);
 
-        spends
+        let mut bundle_meta = BundleMetadata::new(num_requested_spends, num_requested_outputs);
+        let pre_actions = indexed_spends
             .into_iter()
-            .zip(outputs.into_iter())
-            .map(|(spend, output)| ActionInfo::new(spend, output, &mut rng))
-            .collect()
+            .zip(indexed_outputs.into_iter())
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(action_idx, ((spend_idx, spend), (out_idx, output)))| {
+                // Record the post-randomization spend location
+                if spend_idx < num_requested_spends {
+                    bundle_meta.spend_indices[spend_idx] = action_idx;
+                }
+
+                // Record the post-randomization output location
+                if out_idx < num_requested_outputs {
+                    bundle_meta.output_indices[out_idx] = action_idx;
+                }
+
+                ActionInfo::new(spend, output, &mut rng)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        (pre_actions, bundle_meta)
     };
 
     // Determine the value balance for this bundle, ensuring it is valid.
@@ -590,15 +661,18 @@ pub fn bundle<V: TryFrom<i64>>(
     assert_eq!(redpallas::VerificationKey::from(&bsk), bvk);
 
     Ok(NonEmpty::from_vec(actions).map(|actions| {
-        Bundle::from_parts(
-            actions,
-            flags,
-            result_value_balance,
-            anchor,
-            InProgress {
-                proof: Unproven { circuits },
-                sigs: Unauthorized { bsk },
-            },
+        (
+            Bundle::from_parts(
+                actions,
+                flags,
+                result_value_balance,
+                anchor,
+                InProgress {
+                    proof: Unproven { circuits },
+                    sigs: Unauthorized { bsk },
+                },
+            ),
+            bundle_meta,
         )
     }))
 }
@@ -957,6 +1031,7 @@ pub mod testing {
                 .build(&mut self.rng)
                 .unwrap()
                 .unwrap()
+                .0
                 .create_proof(&pk, &mut self.rng)
                 .unwrap()
                 .prepare(&mut self.rng, [0; 32])
@@ -1069,6 +1144,7 @@ mod tests {
             .build(&mut rng)
             .unwrap()
             .unwrap()
+            .0
             .create_proof(&pk, &mut rng)
             .unwrap()
             .prepare(rng, [0; 32])
diff --git a/tests/builder.rs b/tests/builder.rs
index fa35a32f..8ce67e92 100644
--- a/tests/builder.rs
+++ b/tests/builder.rs
@@ -49,11 +49,25 @@ fn bundle_chain() {
             },
             anchor,
         );
+        let note_value = NoteValue::from_raw(5000);
         assert_eq!(
-            builder.add_output(None, recipient, NoteValue::from_raw(5000), None),
+            builder.add_output(None, recipient, note_value, None),
             Ok(())
         );
-        let unauthorized = builder.build(&mut rng).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let (unauthorized, bundle_meta) = builder.build(&mut rng).unwrap().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            unauthorized
+                .decrypt_output_with_key(
+                    bundle_meta
+                        .output_action_index(0)
+                        .expect("Output 0 can be found"),
+                    &fvk.to_ivk(Scope::External)
+                )
+                .map(|(note, _, _)| note.value()),
+            Some(note_value)
+        );
+
         let sighash = unauthorized.commitment().into();
         let proven = unauthorized.create_proof(&pk, &mut rng).unwrap();
         proven.apply_signatures(rng, sighash, &[]).unwrap()
@@ -95,7 +109,7 @@ fn bundle_chain() {
             builder.add_output(None, recipient, NoteValue::from_raw(5000), None),
             Ok(())
         );
-        let unauthorized = builder.build(&mut rng).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let (unauthorized, _) = builder.build(&mut rng).unwrap().unwrap();
         let sighash = unauthorized.commitment().into();
         let proven = unauthorized.create_proof(&pk, &mut rng).unwrap();
         proven