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Contents

• Contents
• About
• Beta Releases
• Getting Started
• Current Features
• Known Issues
• Future Work
• Documentation
• Security
• License

About

Zebra is the Zcash Foundation's independent, consensus-compatible implementation of a Zcash node, currently under development. It can be used to join the Zcash peer-to-peer network, which helps keeping Zcash working by validating and broadcasting transactions, and maintaining the Zcash blockchain state in a distributed manner. Please join us on Discord if you'd like to find out more or get involved!

Zcash is a cryptocurrency designed to preserve the user's privacy. Like most cryptocurrencies, it works by a collection of software nodes run by members of the Zcash community or any other interested parties. The nodes talk to each other in peer-to-peer fashion in order to maintain the state of the Zcash blockchain. They also communicate with miners who create news blocks. When a Zcash user sends Zcash, their wallet broadcasts transactions to these nodes which will eventually reach miners, and the mined transaction will then go through Zcash nodes until they reach the recipient's wallet which will report the received Zcash to the recipient.

The original Zcash node is named zcashd and is developed by the Electric Coin Company as a fork of the original Bitcoin node. Zebra, on the other hand, is an independent Zcash node implementation developed from scratch. Since they implement the same protocol, zcashd and Zebra nodes can communicate with each other.

If you just want to send and receive Zcash then you don't need to use Zebra directly. You can download a Zcash wallet application which will handle that for you. (Eventually, Zebra can be used by wallets to implement their functionality.) You would want to run Zebra if you want to contribute to the Zcash network: the more nodes are run, the more reliable the network will be in terms of speed and resistance to denial of service attacks, for example.

These are some of advantages or benefits of Zebra:

• Better performance: since it was implemented from scratch, Zebra was able to be implemented in a manner that is currently faster than zcashd.
• Better security: since it is developed in a memory-safe language (Rust), Zebra is less likely to be affected by security bugs that could compromise the environment where it is run.
• Better governance: with a new node deployment, there will be more developers who can implement different features.
• Dev accessibility: there will be more developers which gives new developers options for contributing to protocol development.
• Runtime safety: the detection of consensus bugs can happen quicker, preventing the likelihood of black swan events.
• Spec safety: with several node implementations, it is much easier to notice bugs and ambiguity in protocol specification.
• User options: different nodes present different features and tradeoffs for users to decide on their preferred options.
• Additional contexts: wider target deployments for people to use a consensus node in more contexts e.g. mobile, wasm, etc.

Beta Releases

Every few weeks, we release a new Zebra beta release.

The goals of the beta release series are for Zebra to act as a fully validating Canopy and NU5 node, except for:

• Mempool transactions
• Block subsidies
• Transaction fees
• Some undocumented rules derived from Bitcoin
• Some consensus rules removed before Canopy activation (Zebra checkpoints on Canopy activation)

Zebra's network stack is interoperable with zcashd. Zebra implements all the features required to reach Zcash network consensus.

Currently, Zebra does not validate the following Zcash consensus rules:

NU5

• ZIP-155 - Parse addrv2 in Zebra
• Full validation of Orchard transactions from NU5 onwards
  • Check that at least one of enableSpendsOrchard or enableOutputsOrchard is set
  • Validation of Orchard anchors
  • Validation of Halo2 proofs
  • Validation of orchard note commitment trees

NU4 - Canopy

• Calculation of Block Subsidy and Funding streams
• Validation of coinbase miner subsidy and miner fees
• Validation of shielded outputs for coinbase transactions (ZIP-212/ZIP-213)

NU1 - Sapling

• Validation of Sapling anchors
• Validation of sapling note commitment trees
• Validation of JoinSplit proofs using Groth16 verifier

NU0 - Overwinter

• ZIP-203: Transaction Expiry consensus rules

Sprout

• Validation of Sprout anchors
• Validation of JoinSplit proofs using BCTV14 verifier
• Validation of transaction lock times
• Validation of sprout note commitment trees

It may be unreliable on Testnet, and under less-than-perfect network conditions. See our current features and roadmap for details.

Getting Started

Building zebrad requires Rust, libclang, and a C++ compiler.

Build and Run Instructions

zebrad is still under development, so there is no supported packaging or install mechanism. To run zebrad, follow the instructions to compile zebrad for your platform:

1. Install cargo and rustc.
2. Install Zebra's build dependencies:
   • libclang: the libclang, libclang-dev, llvm, or llvm-dev packages, depending on your package manager
   • clang or another C++ compiler: g++, Xcode, or MSVC
3. Run cargo install --locked --git https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/zebra --tag v1.0.0-alpha.19 zebrad
4. Run zebrad start (see Running Zebra for more information)

If you're interested in testing out zebrad please feel free, but keep in mind that there is a lot of key functionality still missing.

For more detailed instructions, refer to the documentation.

System Requirements

The recommended requirements for compiling and running zebrad are:

• 4+ CPU cores
• 16+ GB RAM
• 50GB+ available disk space for finalized state
• 100+ Mbps network connections

We continuously test that our builds and tests pass on:

• Windows Server 2019
• macOS Big Sur 11.0
• Ubuntu 18.04 / the latest LTS
• Debian Buster

zebrad might build and run fine on smaller and slower systems - we haven't tested its exact limits yet.

For more detailed requirements, refer to the documentation.

Network Ports and Data Usage

By default, Zebra uses the following inbound TCP listener ports:

• 8233 on Mainnet
• 18233 on Testnet

zebrad's typical network usage is:

• Initial sync: 30 GB download
• Ongoing updates: 10-50 MB upload and download per day, depending on peer requests

For more detailed information, refer to the documentation.

Current Features

Network:

• Synchronize the chain from peers
• Maintain a transaction mempool
• Download gossiped blocks and transactions from peers
• Answer inbound peer requests for hashes, headers, blocks and transactions

State:

• Persist block, transaction, UTXO, and nullifier indexes
• Handle chain reorganizations

Proof of Work:

• Validate equihash, block difficulty threshold, and difficulty adjustment
• Validate transaction merkle roots

Validating proof of work increases the cost of creating a consensus split between zebrad and zcashd.

This release also implements some other Zcash consensus rules, to check that Zebra's validation architecture supports future work on a full validating node:

• Block and transaction structure
• Checkpoint-based verification up to and including Canopy activation
• Transaction validation (incomplete)
• Transaction cryptography (incomplete)
• Transaction scripts (incomplete)
• Batch verification (incomplete)

Known Issues

There are a few bugs in Zebra that we're still working on fixing:

• When Zebra receives an unexpected network message from a peer, it disconnects from that peer #2107
• A Zebra instance could be used to pollute the peer addresses of other nodes #1889
• Zebra's address book can use all available memory #1873
• Zebra's address book can be flooded or taken over #1869
• Zebra does not evict pre-upgrade peers from the peer set across a network upgrade #706
• Zebra accepts non-minimal height encodings #2226
• Zebra nodes continually try to contact peers that always fail #1865
• In rare cases, Zebra panics on shutdown #1678
  • For examples, see #2055 and #2209
  • These panics can be ignored, unless they happen frequently
• Interrupt handler does not work when a blocking task is running #1351
  • Zebra should eventually exit once the task finishes. Or you can forcibly terminate the process.

Zebra's state commits changes using database transactions. If you forcibly terminate it, or it panics, any incomplete changes will be rolled back the next time it starts.

Future Work

In 2021, we intend to finish NU5 validation, start adding RPC support and start adding wallet integrations. This phased approach allows us to test Zebra's independent implementation of the consensus rules, before asking users to entrust it with their funds.

Features:

• Full consensus rule validation
• Wallet functionality
• RPC functionality

Performance and Reliability:

• Reliable syncing on Testnet
• Reliable syncing under poor network conditions
• Batch verification
• Performance tuning

Documentation

The Zebra website contains user documentation, such as how to run or configure Zebra, set up metrics integrations, etc., as well as developer documentation, such as design documents. We also render API documentation for the external API of our crates, as well as internal documentation for private APIs.

Security

Zebra has a responsible disclosure policy, which we encourage security researchers to follow.

License

Zebra is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0).

See LICENSE-APACHE and LICENSE-MIT.