diff --git a/bench-exchange/src/bench.rs b/bench-exchange/src/bench.rs
index 8a0438b56..cdff1fb30 100644
--- a/bench-exchange/src/bench.rs
+++ b/bench-exchange/src/bench.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use solana_metrics::datapoint_info;
 use solana_sdk::{
     client::{Client, SyncClient},
     commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
+    message::Message,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
     timing::{duration_as_ms, duration_as_s},
@@ -457,16 +458,14 @@ fn swapper<T>(
                 .map(|(signer, swap, profit)| {
                     let s: &Keypair = &signer;
                     let owner = &signer.pubkey();
-                    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-                        &[s],
-                        &[exchange_instruction::swap_request(
-                            owner,
-                            &swap.0.pubkey,
-                            &swap.1.pubkey,
-                            &profit,
-                        )],
-                        blockhash,
-                    )
+                    let instruction = exchange_instruction::swap_request(
+                        owner,
+                        &swap.0.pubkey,
+                        &swap.1.pubkey,
+                        &profit,
+                    );
+                    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&s.pubkey()));
+                    Transaction::new(&[s], message, blockhash)
                 })
                 .collect();
 
@@ -588,28 +587,26 @@ fn trader<T>(
                     let owner_pubkey = &owner.pubkey();
                     let trade_pubkey = &trade.pubkey();
                     let space = mem::size_of::<ExchangeState>() as u64;
-                    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-                        &[owner.as_ref(), trade],
-                        &[
-                            system_instruction::create_account(
-                                owner_pubkey,
-                                trade_pubkey,
-                                1,
-                                space,
-                                &id(),
-                            ),
-                            exchange_instruction::trade_request(
-                                owner_pubkey,
-                                trade_pubkey,
-                                *side,
-                                pair,
-                                tokens,
-                                price,
-                                src,
-                            ),
-                        ],
-                        blockhash,
-                    )
+                    let instructions = [
+                        system_instruction::create_account(
+                            owner_pubkey,
+                            trade_pubkey,
+                            1,
+                            space,
+                            &id(),
+                        ),
+                        exchange_instruction::trade_request(
+                            owner_pubkey,
+                            trade_pubkey,
+                            *side,
+                            pair,
+                            tokens,
+                            price,
+                            src,
+                        ),
+                    ];
+                    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&owner_pubkey));
+                    Transaction::new(&[owner.as_ref(), trade], message, blockhash)
                 })
                 .collect();
 
@@ -747,13 +744,9 @@ pub fn fund_keys<T: Client>(client: &T, source: &Keypair, dests: &[Arc<Keypair>]
             let mut to_fund_txs: Vec<_> = chunk
                 .par_iter()
                 .map(|(k, m)| {
-                    (
-                        k.clone(),
-                        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&system_instruction::transfer_many(
-                            &k.pubkey(),
-                            &m,
-                        )),
-                    )
+                    let instructions = system_instruction::transfer_many(&k.pubkey(), &m);
+                    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&k.pubkey()));
+                    (k.clone(), Transaction::new_unsigned(message))
                 })
                 .collect();
 
@@ -848,9 +841,10 @@ pub fn create_token_accounts<T: Client>(
                     );
                     let request_ix =
                         exchange_instruction::account_request(owner_pubkey, &new_keypair.pubkey());
+                    let message = Message::new(&[create_ix, request_ix], Some(&owner_pubkey));
                     (
                         (from_keypair, new_keypair),
-                        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[create_ix, request_ix]),
+                        Transaction::new_unsigned(message),
                     )
                 })
                 .collect();
diff --git a/bench-tps/src/bench.rs b/bench-tps/src/bench.rs
index d60d7eea9..15cc31f44 100644
--- a/bench-tps/src/bench.rs
+++ b/bench-tps/src/bench.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use solana_sdk::{
     commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
     fee_calculator::FeeCalculator,
     hash::Hash,
+    message::Message,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
     system_instruction, system_transaction,
@@ -652,10 +653,9 @@ impl<'a> FundingTransactions<'a> for Vec<(&'a Keypair, Transaction)> {
         let to_fund_txs: Vec<(&Keypair, Transaction)> = to_fund
             .par_iter()
             .map(|(k, t)| {
-                let tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(
-                    &system_instruction::transfer_many(&k.pubkey(), &t),
-                );
-                (*k, tx)
+                let instructions = system_instruction::transfer_many(&k.pubkey(), &t);
+                let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&k.pubkey()));
+                (*k, Transaction::new_unsigned(message))
             })
             .collect();
         make_txs.stop();
@@ -1023,11 +1023,9 @@ fn fund_move_keys<T: Client>(
         .iter()
         .map(|key| (key.pubkey(), total / NUM_FUNDING_KEYS as u64))
         .collect();
-    let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-        &[funding_key],
-        &system_instruction::transfer_many(&funding_key.pubkey(), &pubkey_amounts),
-        blockhash,
-    );
+    let instructions = system_instruction::transfer_many(&funding_key.pubkey(), &pubkey_amounts);
+    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&funding_key.pubkey()));
+    let tx = Transaction::new(&[funding_key], message, blockhash);
     client.send_message(&[funding_key], tx.message).unwrap();
     let mut balance = 0;
     for _ in 0..20 {
diff --git a/cli/src/checks.rs b/cli/src/checks.rs
index e0f216954..f1c651487 100644
--- a/cli/src/checks.rs
+++ b/cli/src/checks.rs
@@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ mod tests {
         let pubkey0 = Pubkey::new(&[0; 32]);
         let pubkey1 = Pubkey::new(&[1; 32]);
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
-        let message0 = Message::new(&[ix0]);
+        let message0 = Message::new(&[ix0], Some(&pubkey0));
 
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
         let ix1 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey1, &pubkey0, 1);
-        let message1 = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1]);
+        let message1 = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1], Some(&pubkey0));
 
         let mut mocks = HashMap::new();
         mocks.insert(RpcRequest::GetBalance, account_balance_response.clone());
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ mod tests {
         let pubkey0 = Pubkey::new(&[0; 32]);
         let pubkey1 = Pubkey::new(&[1; 32]);
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
-        let message0 = Message::new(&[ix0]);
+        let message0 = Message::new(&[ix0], Some(&pubkey0));
         assert_eq!(calculate_fee(&fee_calculator, &[&message0]), 1);
 
         // Two messages, additive fees.
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
         let ix1 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey1, &pubkey0, 1);
-        let message1 = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1]);
+        let message1 = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1], Some(&pubkey0));
         assert_eq!(calculate_fee(&fee_calculator, &[&message0, &message1]), 3);
     }
 
diff --git a/cli/src/cli.rs b/cli/src/cli.rs
index 23f8b53ec..d30bc94e5 100644
--- a/cli/src/cli.rs
+++ b/cli/src/cli.rs
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ fn process_deploy(
         program_data.len() as u64,
         &bpf_loader::id(),
     );
-    let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut create_account_tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     let signers = [config.signers[0], program_id];
     create_account_tx.try_sign(&signers, blockhash)?;
@@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@ fn process_deploy(
             (i * DATA_CHUNK_SIZE) as u32,
             chunk.to_vec(),
         );
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&signers[0].pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&signers[0].pubkey()));
         let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
         tx.try_sign(&signers, blockhash)?;
         write_transactions.push(tx);
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ fn process_deploy(
     }
 
     let instruction = loader_instruction::finalize(&program_id.pubkey(), &bpf_loader::id());
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut finalize_tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     finalize_tx.try_sign(&signers, blockhash)?;
     messages.push(&finalize_tx.message);
@@ -1483,7 +1483,7 @@ fn process_pay(
             if let Some(nonce_account) = &nonce_account {
                 Message::new_with_nonce(vec![ix], None, nonce_account, &nonce_authority.pubkey())
             } else {
-                Message::new(&[ix])
+                Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
             }
         };
 
@@ -1539,7 +1539,7 @@ fn process_pay(
                 cancelable,
                 lamports,
             );
-            Message::new(&ixs)
+            Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
         };
         let (message, _) = resolve_spend_tx_and_check_account_balance(
             rpc_client,
@@ -1590,7 +1590,7 @@ fn process_pay(
                 cancelable,
                 lamports,
             );
-            Message::new(&ixs)
+            Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
         };
         let (message, _) = resolve_spend_tx_and_check_account_balance(
             rpc_client,
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@ fn process_cancel(rpc_client: &RpcClient, config: &CliConfig, pubkey: &Pubkey) -
         pubkey,
         &config.signers[0].pubkey(),
     );
-    let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ fn process_time_elapsed(
         .value;
 
     let ix = budget_instruction::apply_timestamp(&config.signers[0].pubkey(), pubkey, to, dt);
-    let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -1714,7 +1714,7 @@ fn process_transfer(
                 &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
             )
         } else {
-            Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+            Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
         }
     };
 
@@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ fn process_witness(
         .value;
 
     let ix = budget_instruction::apply_signature(&config.signers[0].pubkey(), pubkey, to);
-    let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
diff --git a/cli/src/cluster_query.rs b/cli/src/cluster_query.rs
index 398c6e72e..f90e92bcf 100644
--- a/cli/src/cluster_query.rs
+++ b/cli/src/cluster_query.rs
@@ -892,7 +892,7 @@ pub fn process_ping(
 
         let build_message = |lamports| {
             let ix = system_instruction::transfer(&config.signers[0].pubkey(), &to, lamports);
-            Message::new(&[ix])
+            Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
         };
         let (message, _) = resolve_spend_tx_and_check_account_balance(
             rpc_client,
diff --git a/cli/src/nonce.rs b/cli/src/nonce.rs
index 9c3719521..6703d7945 100644
--- a/cli/src/nonce.rs
+++ b/cli/src/nonce.rs
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ pub fn process_authorize_nonce_account(
 
     let nonce_authority = config.signers[nonce_authority];
     let ix = authorize_nonce_account(nonce_account, &nonce_authority.pubkey(), new_authority);
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
 
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ pub fn process_create_nonce_account(
                 lamports,
             )
         };
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
     };
 
     let (recent_blockhash, fee_calculator, _) = rpc_client
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ pub fn process_new_nonce(
     let (recent_blockhash, fee_calculator, _) = rpc_client
         .get_recent_blockhash_with_commitment(config.commitment)?
         .value;
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ pub fn process_withdraw_from_nonce_account(
         destination_account_pubkey,
         lamports,
     );
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
diff --git a/cli/src/stake.rs b/cli/src/stake.rs
index 4860e1d60..653d3424c 100644
--- a/cli/src/stake.rs
+++ b/cli/src/stake.rs
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ pub fn process_create_stake_account(
                 &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
             )
         } else {
-            Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+            Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
         }
     };
 
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ pub fn process_stake_authorize(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ pub fn process_deactivate_stake_account(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ pub fn process_withdraw_stake(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ pub fn process_split_stake(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@ pub fn process_merge_stake(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ pub fn process_stake_set_lockup(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
@@ -1712,7 +1712,7 @@ pub fn process_delegate_stake(
             &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
         )
     } else {
-        Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()))
     };
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
diff --git a/cli/src/validator_info.rs b/cli/src/validator_info.rs
index a03ce0693..207a2df06 100644
--- a/cli/src/validator_info.rs
+++ b/cli/src/validator_info.rs
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ pub fn process_set_validator_info(
                 keys,
                 &validator_info,
             )]);
-            Message::new(&instructions)
+            Message::new(&instructions, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
         } else {
             println!(
                 "Updating Validator {:?} info at: {:?}",
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ pub fn process_set_validator_info(
                 keys,
                 &validator_info,
             )];
-            Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
+            Message::new(&instructions, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
         }
     };
 
diff --git a/cli/src/vote.rs b/cli/src/vote.rs
index 672b14e42..1c45ae896 100644
--- a/cli/src/vote.rs
+++ b/cli/src/vote.rs
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ pub fn process_create_vote_account(
                 lamports,
             )
         };
-        Message::new(&ixs)
+        Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()))
     };
 
     if let Ok(response) =
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ pub fn process_vote_authorize(
         vote_authorize,        // vote or withdraw
     )];
 
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ pub fn process_vote_update_validator(
         &new_identity_pubkey,
     )];
 
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ pub fn process_vote_update_commission(
         commission,
     )];
 
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&ixs, Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     tx.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ pub fn process_withdraw_from_vote_account(
         destination_account_pubkey,
     );
 
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&config.signers[0].pubkey()));
     let mut transaction = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
     transaction.try_sign(&config.signers, recent_blockhash)?;
     check_account_for_fee_with_commitment(
diff --git a/client/src/thin_client.rs b/client/src/thin_client.rs
index d6ae8c4a9..dc6d951ec 100644
--- a/client/src/thin_client.rs
+++ b/client/src/thin_client.rs
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl SyncClient for ThinClient {
         keypair: &Keypair,
         instruction: Instruction,
     ) -> TransportResult<Signature> {
-        let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         self.send_message(&[keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ impl AsyncClient for ThinClient {
         instruction: Instruction,
         recent_blockhash: Hash,
     ) -> TransportResult<Signature> {
-        let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         self.async_send_message(&[keypair], message, recent_blockhash)
     }
     fn async_transfer(
diff --git a/core/benches/banking_stage.rs b/core/benches/banking_stage.rs
index 3e2b09fee..0ca4633d9 100644
--- a/core/benches/banking_stage.rs
+++ b/core/benches/banking_stage.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use solana_perf::test_tx::test_tx;
 use solana_runtime::bank::Bank;
 use solana_sdk::genesis_config::GenesisConfig;
 use solana_sdk::hash::Hash;
+use solana_sdk::message::Message;
 use solana_sdk::pubkey::Pubkey;
 use solana_sdk::signature::Keypair;
 use solana_sdk::signature::Signature;
@@ -116,9 +117,8 @@ fn make_programs_txs(txes: usize, hash: Hash) -> Vec<Transaction> {
                 let to_key = Pubkey::new_rand();
                 instructions.push(system_instruction::transfer(&from_key.pubkey(), &to_key, 1));
             }
-            let mut new = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&instructions);
-            new.sign(&[&from_key], hash);
-            new
+            let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_key.pubkey()));
+            Transaction::new(&[&from_key], message, hash)
         })
         .collect()
 }
diff --git a/core/src/rpc.rs b/core/src/rpc.rs
index 0a04c6196..808006898 100644
--- a/core/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/core/src/rpc.rs
@@ -1711,7 +1711,7 @@ pub mod tests {
             &leader_vote_keypair.pubkey(),
             vote,
         );
-        let vote_msg = Message::new_with_payer(&[vote_ix], Some(&leader_vote_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let vote_msg = Message::new(&[vote_ix], Some(&leader_vote_keypair.pubkey()));
         let vote_tx = Transaction::new(&[&leader_vote_keypair], vote_msg, Hash::default());
         let shreds = entries_to_test_shreds(
             vec![next_entry_mut(&mut Hash::default(), 0, vec![vote_tx])],
@@ -3425,7 +3425,7 @@ pub mod tests {
             bank.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(VoteState::size_of()),
         );
 
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&alice.pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice.pubkey()));
         let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[&alice, &alice_vote_keypair],
             message,
diff --git a/core/src/rpc_pubsub.rs b/core/src/rpc_pubsub.rs
index 78e20b73a..2acb633a4 100644
--- a/core/src/rpc_pubsub.rs
+++ b/core/src/rpc_pubsub.rs
@@ -376,6 +376,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use solana_sdk::{
         hash::Hash,
+        message::Message,
         pubkey::Pubkey,
         signature::{Keypair, Signer},
         system_program, system_transaction,
@@ -571,11 +572,8 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             51,
         );
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&contract_funds, &contract_state],
-            &ixs,
-            blockhash,
-        );
+        let message = Message::new(&ixs, Some(&contract_funds.pubkey()));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&contract_funds, &contract_state], message, blockhash);
         process_transaction_and_notify(&bank_forks, &tx, &rpc.subscriptions, 1).unwrap();
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(200));
 
@@ -617,7 +615,8 @@ mod tests {
             &contract_state.pubkey(),
             &bob_pubkey,
         );
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[&witness], &[ix], blockhash);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&witness.pubkey()));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&witness], message, blockhash);
         process_transaction_and_notify(&bank_forks, &tx, &rpc.subscriptions, 1).unwrap();
         sleep(Duration::from_millis(200));
 
diff --git a/faucet/src/faucet.rs b/faucet/src/faucet.rs
index cb9b99d2f..6bf82d522 100644
--- a/faucet/src/faucet.rs
+++ b/faucet/src/faucet.rs
@@ -125,9 +125,10 @@ impl Faucet {
                     );
                     info!("Requesting airdrop of {} to {:?}", lamports, to);
 
+                    let mint_pubkey = self.mint_keypair.pubkey();
                     let create_instruction =
-                        system_instruction::transfer(&self.mint_keypair.pubkey(), &to, lamports);
-                    let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction]);
+                        system_instruction::transfer(&mint_pubkey, &to, lamports);
+                    let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction], Some(&mint_pubkey));
                     Ok(Transaction::new(&[&self.mint_keypair], message, blockhash))
                 } else {
                     Err(Error::new(
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let keypair = Keypair::new();
         let expected_instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&keypair.pubkey(), &to, lamports);
-        let message = Message::new(&[expected_instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[expected_instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         let expected_tx = Transaction::new(&[&keypair], message, blockhash);
         let expected_bytes = serialize(&expected_tx).unwrap();
         let mut expected_vec_with_length = vec![0; 2];
diff --git a/faucet/tests/local-faucet.rs b/faucet/tests/local-faucet.rs
index 5b1749f65..aeca323f7 100644
--- a/faucet/tests/local-faucet.rs
+++ b/faucet/tests/local-faucet.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ fn test_local_faucet() {
     let lamports = 50;
     let blockhash = Hash::new(&to.as_ref());
     let create_instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&keypair.pubkey(), &to, lamports);
-    let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction]);
+    let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
     let expected_tx = Transaction::new(&[&keypair], message, blockhash);
 
     let (sender, receiver) = channel();
diff --git a/install/src/command.rs b/install/src/command.rs
index 0dac49b73..9d5ecbe94 100644
--- a/install/src/command.rs
+++ b/install/src/command.rs
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ fn new_update_manifest(
             lamports,
             vec![], // additional keys
         );
-        let mut transaction = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
         let signers = [from_keypair, update_manifest_keypair];
-        transaction.sign(&signers, recent_blockhash);
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(&signers, message, recent_blockhash);
         rpc_client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ fn store_update_manifest(
         update_manifest,
     );
 
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
     let transaction = Transaction::new(&signers, message, recent_blockhash);
     rpc_client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
     Ok(())
diff --git a/keygen/src/keygen.rs b/keygen/src/keygen.rs
index 65c13457f..99c510785 100644
--- a/keygen/src/keygen.rs
+++ b/keygen/src/keygen.rs
@@ -592,11 +592,14 @@ fn do_main(matches: &ArgMatches<'_>) -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
         }
         ("verify", Some(matches)) => {
             let keypair = get_keypair_from_matches(matches, config, &mut wallet_manager)?;
-            let simple_message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-                Pubkey::default(),
-                &0,
-                vec![AccountMeta::new(keypair.pubkey(), true)],
-            )])
+            let simple_message = Message::new(
+                &[Instruction::new(
+                    Pubkey::default(),
+                    &0,
+                    vec![AccountMeta::new(keypair.pubkey(), true)],
+                )],
+                Some(&keypair.pubkey()),
+            )
             .serialize();
             let signature = keypair.try_sign_message(&simple_message)?;
             let pubkey_bs58 = matches.value_of("pubkey").unwrap();
diff --git a/ledger/src/blockstore.rs b/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
index e380cbbc2..f7c195573 100644
--- a/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
+++ b/ledger/src/blockstore.rs
@@ -5225,7 +5225,7 @@ pub mod tests {
                 timestamp,
             };
             let vote_ix = vote_instruction::vote(&keypair.pubkey(), &keypair.pubkey(), vote);
-            let vote_msg = Message::new_with_payer(&[vote_ix], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
+            let vote_msg = Message::new(&[vote_ix], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
             let vote_tx = Transaction::new(&[keypair], vote_msg, Hash::default());
 
             vote_entries.push(next_entry_mut(&mut Hash::default(), 0, vec![vote_tx]));
diff --git a/ledger/src/entry.rs b/ledger/src/entry.rs
index 2ce5acbf7..b22d540ab 100644
--- a/ledger/src/entry.rs
+++ b/ledger/src/entry.rs
@@ -677,6 +677,7 @@ mod tests {
     use solana_budget_program::budget_instruction;
     use solana_sdk::{
         hash::{hash, Hash},
+        message::Message,
         signature::{Keypair, Signer},
         system_transaction,
         transaction::Transaction,
@@ -687,19 +688,22 @@ mod tests {
         let budget_contract = Keypair::new();
         let budget_pubkey = budget_contract.pubkey();
         let ixs = budget_instruction::payment(&pubkey, &pubkey, &budget_pubkey, 1);
-        Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[keypair, &budget_contract], &ixs, hash)
+        let message = Message::new(&ixs, Some(&pubkey));
+        Transaction::new(&[keypair, &budget_contract], message, hash)
     }
 
     fn create_sample_timestamp(keypair: &Keypair, hash: Hash) -> Transaction {
         let pubkey = keypair.pubkey();
         let ix = budget_instruction::apply_timestamp(&pubkey, &pubkey, &pubkey, Utc::now());
-        Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[keypair], &[ix], hash)
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&pubkey));
+        Transaction::new(&[keypair], message, hash)
     }
 
     fn create_sample_apply_signature(keypair: &Keypair, hash: Hash) -> Transaction {
         let pubkey = keypair.pubkey();
         let ix = budget_instruction::apply_signature(&pubkey, &pubkey, &pubkey);
-        Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[keypair], &[ix], hash)
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&pubkey));
+        Transaction::new(&[keypair], message, hash)
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs b/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
index 013f77cf7..fc752e180 100644
--- a/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
+++ b/local-cluster/src/local_cluster.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use solana_sdk::{
     commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
     epoch_schedule::EpochSchedule,
     genesis_config::{GenesisConfig, OperatingMode},
+    message::Message,
     poh_config::PohConfig,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
@@ -407,19 +408,21 @@ impl LocalCluster {
         {
             // 1) Create vote account
 
-            let mut transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            let instructions = vote_instruction::create_account(
+                &from_account.pubkey(),
+                &vote_account_pubkey,
+                &VoteInit {
+                    node_pubkey,
+                    authorized_voter: vote_account_pubkey,
+                    authorized_withdrawer: vote_account_pubkey,
+                    commission: 0,
+                },
+                amount,
+            );
+            let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_account.pubkey()));
+            let mut transaction = Transaction::new(
                 &[from_account.as_ref(), vote_account],
-                &vote_instruction::create_account(
-                    &from_account.pubkey(),
-                    &vote_account_pubkey,
-                    &VoteInit {
-                        node_pubkey,
-                        authorized_voter: vote_account_pubkey,
-                        authorized_withdrawer: vote_account_pubkey,
-                        commission: 0,
-                    },
-                    amount,
-                ),
+                message,
                 client
                     .get_recent_blockhash_with_commitment(CommitmentConfig::recent())
                     .unwrap()
@@ -436,16 +439,18 @@ impl LocalCluster {
                 )
                 .expect("get balance");
 
-            let mut transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
+                &from_account.pubkey(),
+                &stake_account_pubkey,
+                &vote_account_pubkey,
+                &Authorized::auto(&stake_account_pubkey),
+                &Lockup::default(),
+                amount,
+            );
+            let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_account.pubkey()));
+            let mut transaction = Transaction::new(
                 &[from_account.as_ref(), &stake_account_keypair],
-                &stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
-                    &from_account.pubkey(),
-                    &stake_account_pubkey,
-                    &vote_account_pubkey,
-                    &Authorized::auto(&stake_account_pubkey),
-                    &Lockup::default(),
-                    amount,
-                ),
+                message,
                 client
                     .get_recent_blockhash_with_commitment(CommitmentConfig::recent())
                     .unwrap()
diff --git a/programs/bpf/tests/programs.rs b/programs/bpf/tests/programs.rs
index b36023ed2..29115b659 100644
--- a/programs/bpf/tests/programs.rs
+++ b/programs/bpf/tests/programs.rs
@@ -308,7 +308,6 @@ mod bpf {
                 result.unwrap_err().unwrap(),
                 TransactionError::InstructionError(0, InstructionError::MaxSeedLengthExceeded)
             );
-
         }
     }
 
@@ -364,10 +363,12 @@ mod bpf {
             let derived_key2 =
                 Pubkey::create_program_address(&[b"Lil'", b"Bits"], &invoked_program_id).unwrap();
             let derived_key3 =
-                Pubkey::create_program_address(&[derived_key2.as_ref()], &invoked_program_id).unwrap();
+                Pubkey::create_program_address(&[derived_key2.as_ref()], &invoked_program_id)
+                    .unwrap();
 
+            let mint_pubkey = mint_keypair.pubkey();
             let account_metas = vec![
-                AccountMeta::new(mint_keypair.pubkey(), true),
+                AccountMeta::new(mint_pubkey, true),
                 AccountMeta::new(argument_keypair.pubkey(), true),
                 AccountMeta::new_readonly(invoked_program_id, false),
                 AccountMeta::new(invoked_argument_keypair.pubkey(), true),
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ mod bpf {
 
             let instruction =
                 Instruction::new(invoke_program_id, &TEST_SUCCESS, account_metas.clone());
-            let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mint_pubkey));
             assert!(bank_client
                 .send_message(
                     &[
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@ mod bpf {
                 &TEST_PRIVILEGE_ESCALATION_SIGNER,
                 account_metas.clone(),
             );
-            let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mint_pubkey));
             assert_eq!(
                 bank_client
                     .send_message(
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@ mod bpf {
                 &TEST_PRIVILEGE_ESCALATION_WRITABLE,
                 account_metas.clone(),
             );
-            let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mint_pubkey));
             assert_eq!(
                 bank_client
                     .send_message(
diff --git a/programs/bpf_loader/src/syscalls.rs b/programs/bpf_loader/src/syscalls.rs
index 32b720b82..3a78a34bd 100644
--- a/programs/bpf_loader/src/syscalls.rs
+++ b/programs/bpf_loader/src/syscalls.rs
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ fn call<'a>(
         ro_regions,
     )?;
     verify_instruction(syscall, &instruction, &signers)?;
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], None);
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], None);
     let callee_program_id_index = message.instructions[0].program_id_index as usize;
     let callee_program_id = message.account_keys[callee_program_id_index];
     let (accounts, refs) = syscall.translate_accounts(
diff --git a/programs/budget/src/budget_processor.rs b/programs/budget/src/budget_processor.rs
index 4b4318da5..a597d2831 100644
--- a/programs/budget/src/budget_processor.rs
+++ b/programs/budget/src/budget_processor.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ mod tests {
             budget_instruction::payment(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, &budget_pubkey, 1);
         instructions[1].accounts = vec![]; // <!-- Attack! Prevent accounts from being passed into processor.
 
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         assert_eq!(
             bank_client
                 .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ mod tests {
         let budget_pubkey = budget_keypair.pubkey();
         let instructions =
             budget_instruction::payment(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, &budget_pubkey, 100);
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             1,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
         let instruction =
             budget_instruction::apply_signature(&mallory_pubkey, &budget_pubkey, &bob_pubkey);
-        let mut message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let mut message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mallory_pubkey));
 
         // Attack! Part 2: Point the instruction to the expected, but unsigned, key.
         message.account_keys.insert(3, alice_pubkey);
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             1,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
         let instruction =
             budget_instruction::apply_timestamp(&mallory_pubkey, &budget_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, dt);
-        let mut message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let mut message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mallory_pubkey));
 
         // Attack! Part 2: Point the instruction to the expected, but unsigned, key.
         message.account_keys.insert(3, alice_pubkey);
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ mod tests {
             None,
             1,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ mod tests {
             Some(alice_pubkey),
             1,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ mod tests {
             game_hash,
             41,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_pubkey));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &budget_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Anyone can sign the message, but presumably it's Bob, since he's the
         // one claiming the payout.
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&bob_pubkey));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&bob_pubkey));
         bank_client.send_message(&[&bob_keypair], message).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(bank_client.get_balance(&alice_pubkey).unwrap(), 0);
diff --git a/programs/exchange/src/exchange_processor.rs b/programs/exchange/src/exchange_processor.rs
index 3d29df7e9..c8fd0bcdf 100644
--- a/programs/exchange/src/exchange_processor.rs
+++ b/programs/exchange/src/exchange_processor.rs
@@ -604,7 +604,10 @@ mod test {
         );
 
         client
-            .send_message(&[owner, &new], Message::new(&[instruction]))
+            .send_message(
+                &[owner, &new],
+                Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&owner.pubkey())),
+            )
             .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{}:{}", line!(), file!()));
         new.pubkey()
     }
diff --git a/programs/librapay/src/lib.rs b/programs/librapay/src/lib.rs
index 8e10f8d25..fd1628d25 100644
--- a/programs/librapay/src/lib.rs
+++ b/programs/librapay/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@ pub fn create_genesis<T: Client>(from: &Keypair, client: &T, amount: u64) -> Key
     );
 
     client
-        .send_message(&[&from, &genesis], Message::new(&[instruction]))
+        .send_message(
+            &[&from, &genesis],
+            Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from.pubkey())),
+        )
         .unwrap();
 
     let instruction = librapay_instruction::genesis(&genesis.pubkey(), amount);
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&from.pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from.pubkey()));
     client.send_message(&[from, &genesis], message).unwrap();
 
     genesis
diff --git a/programs/librapay/src/librapay_transaction.rs b/programs/librapay/src/librapay_transaction.rs
index c9c6bdcc9..18de3914a 100644
--- a/programs/librapay/src/librapay_transaction.rs
+++ b/programs/librapay/src/librapay_transaction.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use solana_sdk::{
     client::Client,
     commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
     hash::Hash,
+    message::Message,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
     system_instruction,
@@ -87,7 +88,8 @@ pub fn create_accounts(
 
     let mut from_signers = vec![from_keypair];
     from_signers.extend_from_slice(to_keypair);
-    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&from_signers, &instructions, recent_blockhash)
+    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
+    Transaction::new(&from_signers, message, recent_blockhash)
 }
 
 pub fn create_account(
diff --git a/programs/ownable/src/ownable_processor.rs b/programs/ownable/src/ownable_processor.rs
index ed588acf0..27729679b 100644
--- a/programs/ownable/src/ownable_processor.rs
+++ b/programs/ownable/src/ownable_processor.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ mod tests {
             owner_pubkey,
             lamports,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair, account_keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ mod tests {
             &old_owner_keypair.pubkey(),
             new_owner_pubkey,
         );
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair, old_owner_keypair], message)
     }
 
diff --git a/programs/vest/src/vest_processor.rs b/programs/vest/src/vest_processor.rs
index e60377f57..565c8a169 100644
--- a/programs/vest/src/vest_processor.rs
+++ b/programs/vest/src/vest_processor.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ mod tests {
             date_instruction::create_account(&payer_keypair.pubkey(), &date_pubkey, 1);
         instructions.push(date_instruction::store(&date_pubkey, date));
 
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair, date_keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ mod tests {
     ) -> Result<Signature> {
         let date_pubkey = date_keypair.pubkey();
         let instruction = date_instruction::store(&date_pubkey, date);
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair, date_keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ mod tests {
             &date_pubkey,
             lamports,
         );
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair, contract_keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ mod tests {
     ) -> Result<Signature> {
         let instruction =
             vest_instruction::redeem_tokens(&contract_pubkey, &date_pubkey, &payee_pubkey);
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&payer_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client.send_message(&[payer_keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ mod tests {
         );
         instructions[1].accounts = vec![]; // <!-- Attack! Prevent accounts from being passed into processor.
 
-        let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&alice_keypair.pubkey()));
         assert_eq!(
             bank_client
                 .send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &contract_keypair], message)
diff --git a/ramp-tps/src/voters.rs b/ramp-tps/src/voters.rs
index ce7a80f72..32b453b59 100644
--- a/ramp-tps/src/voters.rs
+++ b/ramp-tps/src/voters.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use solana_notifier::Notifier;
 use solana_sdk::{
     clock::Slot,
     epoch_schedule::EpochSchedule,
+    message::Message,
     native_token::sol_to_lamports,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
@@ -138,16 +139,18 @@ fn delegate_stake(
             }
         };
 
-        let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
+            &faucet_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &stake_account_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &vote_account_pubkey,
+            &StakeAuthorized::auto(&faucet_keypair.pubkey()),
+            &Lockup::default(),
+            sol_to_lamports(sol_gift as f64),
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&faucet_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[faucet_keypair, &stake_account_keypair],
-            &stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
-                &faucet_keypair.pubkey(),
-                &stake_account_keypair.pubkey(),
-                &vote_account_pubkey,
-                &StakeAuthorized::auto(&faucet_keypair.pubkey()),
-                &Lockup::default(),
-                sol_to_lamports(sol_gift as f64),
-            ),
+            message,
             recent_blockhash,
         );
 
diff --git a/runtime/benches/bank.rs b/runtime/benches/bank.rs
index 0dcbe9471..b1a837548 100644
--- a/runtime/benches/bank.rs
+++ b/runtime/benches/bank.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use solana_sdk::{
     clock::MAX_RECENT_BLOCKHASHES,
     genesis_config::create_genesis_config,
     instruction::InstructionError,
+    message::Message,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
     transaction::Transaction,
@@ -52,7 +53,8 @@ pub fn create_builtin_transactions(
 
             let instruction = create_invoke_instruction(rando0.pubkey(), program_id, &1u8);
             let (blockhash, _fee_calculator) = bank_client.get_recent_blockhash().unwrap();
-            Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[&rando0], &[instruction], blockhash)
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+            Transaction::new(&[&rando0], message, blockhash)
         })
         .collect()
 }
@@ -73,7 +75,8 @@ pub fn create_native_loader_transactions(
 
             let instruction = create_invoke_instruction(rando0.pubkey(), program_id, &1u8);
             let (blockhash, _fee_calculator) = bank_client.get_recent_blockhash().unwrap();
-            Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[&rando0], &[instruction], blockhash)
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+            Transaction::new(&[&rando0], message, blockhash)
         })
         .collect()
 }
diff --git a/runtime/src/bank.rs b/runtime/src/bank.rs
index 15bffa1f1..afe886672 100644
--- a/runtime/src/bank.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/bank.rs
@@ -4273,11 +4273,8 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Bank::new(&genesis_config);
         let instructions =
             system_instruction::transfer_many(&mint_keypair.pubkey(), &[(key1, 1), (key2, 1)]);
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&mint_keypair],
-            &instructions,
-            genesis_config.hash(),
-        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&mint_keypair], message, genesis_config.hash());
         assert_eq!(
             bank.process_transaction(&tx).unwrap_err(),
             TransactionError::InstructionError(
@@ -4298,11 +4295,8 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Bank::new(&genesis_config);
         let instructions =
             system_instruction::transfer_many(&mint_keypair.pubkey(), &[(key1, 1), (key2, 1)]);
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&mint_keypair],
-            &instructions,
-            genesis_config.hash(),
-        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&mint_keypair], message, genesis_config.hash());
         bank.process_transaction(&tx).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&mint_keypair.pubkey()), 0);
         assert_eq!(bank.get_balance(&key1), 1);
@@ -5452,7 +5446,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut transfer_instruction =
             system_instruction::transfer(&mint_keypair.pubkey(), &key.pubkey(), 0);
         transfer_instruction.accounts[0].is_signer = false;
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[transfer_instruction], None);
+        let message = Message::new(&[transfer_instruction], None);
         let tx = Transaction::new(&[&Keypair::new(); 0], message, bank.last_blockhash());
 
         assert_eq!(
@@ -5633,9 +5627,10 @@ mod tests {
             10,
         );
 
-        let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[&mint_keypair, &vote_keypair],
-            &instructions,
+            message,
             bank.last_blockhash(),
         );
 
@@ -5690,9 +5685,10 @@ mod tests {
             10,
         ));
 
-        let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[&mint_keypair, &vote_keypair, &stake_keypair],
-            &instructions,
+            message,
             bank.last_blockhash(),
         );
 
@@ -5889,9 +5885,10 @@ mod tests {
         );
         instructions[1].program_id = mock_vote_program_id();
 
-        let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[&mint_keypair, &mock_account, &mock_validator_identity],
-            &instructions,
+            message,
             bank.last_blockhash(),
         );
 
@@ -5933,9 +5930,10 @@ mod tests {
             1,
         );
 
-        let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let transaction = Transaction::new(
             &[&mint_keypair, &mock_account, &mock_validator_identity],
-            &instructions,
+            message,
             bank.last_blockhash(),
         );
 
@@ -6123,9 +6121,10 @@ mod tests {
             &nonce_authority,
             nonce_lamports,
         ));
-        let setup_tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+        let message = Message::new(&setup_ixs, Some(&mint_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let setup_tx = Transaction::new(
             &[mint_keypair, &custodian_keypair, &nonce_keypair],
-            &setup_ixs,
+            message,
             bank.last_blockhash(),
         );
         bank.process_transaction(&setup_tx)?;
@@ -6286,14 +6285,9 @@ mod tests {
         let blockhash = bank.last_blockhash();
         bank.store_account(&nonce.pubkey(), &nonce_account);
 
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&nonce],
-            &[system_instruction::assign(
-                &nonce.pubkey(),
-                &Pubkey::new(&[9u8; 32]),
-            )],
-            blockhash,
-        );
+        let ix = system_instruction::assign(&nonce.pubkey(), &Pubkey::new(&[9u8; 32]));
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&nonce.pubkey()));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&nonce], message, blockhash);
 
         let expect = Err(TransactionError::InstructionError(
             0,
diff --git a/runtime/src/bank_client.rs b/runtime/src/bank_client.rs
index 3e04ab152..9ae428852 100644
--- a/runtime/src/bank_client.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/bank_client.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl AsyncClient for BankClient {
         instruction: Instruction,
         recent_blockhash: Hash,
     ) -> Result<Signature> {
-        let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         self.async_send_message(&[keypair], message, recent_blockhash)
     }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl SyncClient for BankClient {
 
     /// Create and process a transaction from a single instruction.
     fn send_instruction(&self, keypair: &Keypair, instruction: Instruction) -> Result<Signature> {
-        let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         self.send_message(&[keypair], message)
     }
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ mod tests {
             .accounts
             .push(AccountMeta::new(jane_pubkey, true));
 
-        let message = Message::new(&[transfer_instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[transfer_instruction], Some(&john_pubkey));
         bank_client.send_message(&doe_keypairs, message).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(bank_client.get_balance(&bob_pubkey).unwrap(), 42);
     }
diff --git a/runtime/src/legacy_system_instruction_processor0.rs b/runtime/src/legacy_system_instruction_processor0.rs
index 741360596..51a1d97b4 100644
--- a/runtime/src/legacy_system_instruction_processor0.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/legacy_system_instruction_processor0.rs
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ mod tests {
             .transfer(50, &mint_keypair, &alice_pubkey)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let allocate_with_seed = Message::new_with_payer(
+        let allocate_with_seed = Message::new(
             &[system_instruction::allocate_with_seed(
                 &alice_with_seed,
                 &alice_pubkey,
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Arc::new(Bank::new_from_parent(&bank, &collector, bank.slot() + 1));
         let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
         let ix = system_instruction::create_account(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, 0, len1, &program);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&alice_pubkey));
         let r = bank_client.send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &bob_keypair], message);
         assert!(r.is_ok());
 
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Arc::new(Bank::new_from_parent(&bank, &collector, bank.slot() + 1));
         let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
         let ix = system_instruction::create_account(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, 1, len2, &program);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&alice_pubkey));
         let r = bank_client.send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &bob_keypair], message);
         assert!(r.is_ok());
     }
@@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ mod tests {
             .transfer(50, &mint_keypair, &alice_pubkey)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let assign_with_seed = Message::new_with_payer(
+        let assign_with_seed = Message::new(
             &[system_instruction::assign_with_seed(
                 &alice_with_seed,
                 &alice_pubkey,
diff --git a/runtime/src/loader_utils.rs b/runtime/src/loader_utils.rs
index 7bc72e9e0..593df4122 100644
--- a/runtime/src/loader_utils.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/loader_utils.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn load_program<T: Client>(
     bank_client
         .send_message(
             &[from_keypair, &program_keypair],
-            Message::new(&[instruction]),
+            Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey())),
         )
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub fn load_program<T: Client>(
     for chunk in program.chunks(chunk_size) {
         let instruction =
             loader_instruction::write(&program_pubkey, loader_pubkey, offset, chunk.to_vec());
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
         bank_client
             .send_message(&[from_keypair, &program_keypair], message)
             .unwrap();
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn load_program<T: Client>(
     }
 
     let instruction = loader_instruction::finalize(&program_pubkey, loader_pubkey);
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_keypair.pubkey()));
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[from_keypair, &program_keypair], message)
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/runtime/src/message_processor.rs b/runtime/src/message_processor.rs
index d7e987253..bece5a391 100644
--- a/runtime/src/message_processor.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/message_processor.rs
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountMeta::new(keys[not_owned_index], false),
                 AccountMeta::new(keys[owned_index], false),
             ];
-            let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+            let message = Message::new(
                 &[Instruction::new(program_ids[owned_index], &[0_u8], metas)],
                 None,
             );
@@ -1103,11 +1103,14 @@ mod tests {
             AccountMeta::new(from_pubkey, true),
             AccountMeta::new_readonly(to_pubkey, false),
         ];
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_system_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::Correct,
-            account_metas.clone(),
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_system_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::Correct,
+                account_metas.clone(),
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
 
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
@@ -1115,11 +1118,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(accounts[0].borrow().lamports, 100);
         assert_eq!(accounts[1].borrow().lamports, 0);
 
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_system_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::AttemptCredit { lamports: 50 },
-            account_metas.clone(),
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_system_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::AttemptCredit { lamports: 50 },
+                account_metas.clone(),
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
 
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
@@ -1131,11 +1137,14 @@ mod tests {
             ))
         );
 
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_system_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::AttemptDataChange { data: 50 },
-            account_metas,
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_system_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::AttemptDataChange { data: 50 },
+                account_metas,
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
 
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
@@ -1229,11 +1238,14 @@ mod tests {
         ];
 
         // Try to borrow mut the same account
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::BorrowFail,
-            account_metas.clone(),
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::BorrowFail,
+                account_metas.clone(),
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
         assert_eq!(
@@ -1245,24 +1257,30 @@ mod tests {
         );
 
         // Try to borrow mut the same account in a safe way
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::MultiBorrowMut,
-            account_metas.clone(),
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::MultiBorrowMut,
+                account_metas.clone(),
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
         assert_eq!(result, Ok(()));
 
         // Do work on the same account but at different location in keyed_accounts[]
-        let message = Message::new(&[Instruction::new(
-            mock_program_id,
-            &MockSystemInstruction::DoWork {
-                lamports: 10,
-                data: 42,
-            },
-            account_metas,
-        )]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[Instruction::new(
+                mock_program_id,
+                &MockSystemInstruction::DoWork {
+                    lamports: 10,
+                    data: 42,
+                },
+                account_metas,
+            )],
+            Some(&from_pubkey),
+        );
         let result =
             message_processor.process_message(&message, &loaders, &accounts, &rent_collector, None);
         assert_eq!(result, Ok(()));
@@ -1349,7 +1367,7 @@ mod tests {
             &MockInstruction::NoopSuccess,
             metas.clone(),
         );
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], None);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], None);
         assert_eq!(
             message_processor.process_cross_program_instruction(
                 &message,
@@ -1376,7 +1394,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         for case in cases {
             let instruction = Instruction::new(callee_program_id, &case.0, metas.clone());
-            let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], None);
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], None);
             assert_eq!(
                 message_processor.process_cross_program_instruction(
                     &message,
diff --git a/runtime/src/nonce_utils.rs b/runtime/src/nonce_utils.rs
index 9b5cd47d6..04823ac73 100644
--- a/runtime/src/nonce_utils.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/nonce_utils.rs
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ mod tests {
         account_utils::State as AccountUtilsState,
         hash::Hash,
         instruction::InstructionError,
+        message::Message,
         nonce::{self, account::with_test_keyed_account, Account as NonceAccount, State},
         pubkey::Pubkey,
         signature::{Keypair, Signer},
@@ -106,14 +107,12 @@ mod tests {
         let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
         let nonce_keypair = Keypair::new();
         let nonce_pubkey = nonce_keypair.pubkey();
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair],
-            &[
-                system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(&nonce_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey),
-                system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
-            ],
-            Hash::default(),
-        );
+        let instructions = [
+            system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(&nonce_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey),
+            system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
+        ];
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&nonce_pubkey));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair], message, Hash::default());
         (from_pubkey, nonce_pubkey, tx)
     }
 
@@ -141,14 +140,12 @@ mod tests {
         let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
         let nonce_keypair = Keypair::new();
         let nonce_pubkey = nonce_keypair.pubkey();
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair],
-            &[
-                system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
-                system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(&nonce_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey),
-            ],
-            Hash::default(),
-        );
+        let instructions = [
+            system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
+            system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(&nonce_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey),
+        ];
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&from_pubkey));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair], message, Hash::default());
         assert!(transaction_uses_durable_nonce(&tx).is_none());
     }
 
@@ -158,19 +155,17 @@ mod tests {
         let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
         let nonce_keypair = Keypair::new();
         let nonce_pubkey = nonce_keypair.pubkey();
-        let tx = Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-            &[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair],
-            &[
-                system_instruction::withdraw_nonce_account(
-                    &nonce_pubkey,
-                    &nonce_pubkey,
-                    &from_pubkey,
-                    42,
-                ),
-                system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
-            ],
-            Hash::default(),
-        );
+        let instructions = [
+            system_instruction::withdraw_nonce_account(
+                &nonce_pubkey,
+                &nonce_pubkey,
+                &from_pubkey,
+                42,
+            ),
+            system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, &nonce_pubkey, 42),
+        ];
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&nonce_pubkey));
+        let tx = Transaction::new(&[&from_keypair, &nonce_keypair], message, Hash::default());
         assert!(transaction_uses_durable_nonce(&tx).is_none());
     }
 
diff --git a/runtime/src/system_instruction_processor.rs b/runtime/src/system_instruction_processor.rs
index ea2af1a3d..1b86932b1 100644
--- a/runtime/src/system_instruction_processor.rs
+++ b/runtime/src/system_instruction_processor.rs
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ mod tests {
             .transfer(50, &mint_keypair, &alice_pubkey)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let allocate_with_seed = Message::new_with_payer(
+        let allocate_with_seed = Message::new(
             &[system_instruction::allocate_with_seed(
                 &alice_with_seed,
                 &alice_pubkey,
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Arc::new(Bank::new_from_parent(&bank, &collector, bank.slot() + 1));
         let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
         let ix = system_instruction::create_account(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, 0, len1, &program);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&alice_keypair.pubkey()));
         let r = bank_client.send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &bob_keypair], message);
         assert!(r.is_ok());
 
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ mod tests {
         let bank = Arc::new(Bank::new_from_parent(&bank, &collector, bank.slot() + 1));
         let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
         let ix = system_instruction::create_account(&alice_pubkey, &bob_pubkey, 1, len2, &program);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&alice_pubkey));
         let r = bank_client.send_message(&[&alice_keypair, &bob_keypair], message);
         assert!(r.is_ok());
     }
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ mod tests {
             .transfer(50, &mint_keypair, &alice_pubkey)
             .unwrap();
 
-        let assign_with_seed = Message::new_with_payer(
+        let assign_with_seed = Message::new(
             &[system_instruction::assign_with_seed(
                 &alice_with_seed,
                 &alice_pubkey,
diff --git a/runtime/tests/stake.rs b/runtime/tests/stake.rs
index 535a30c5d..37b112b6f 100644
--- a/runtime/tests/stake.rs
+++ b/runtime/tests/stake.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ fn fill_epoch_with_votes(
         let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
         let parent = bank.parent().unwrap();
 
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+        let message = Message::new(
             &[vote_instruction::vote(
                 &vote_pubkey,
                 &vote_pubkey,
@@ -119,15 +119,18 @@ fn test_stake_create_and_split_single_signature() {
     let lamports = 1_000_000;
 
     // Create stake account with seed
-    let message = Message::new(&stake_instruction::create_account_with_seed(
-        &staker_pubkey, // from
-        &stake_address, // to
-        &staker_pubkey, // base
-        "stake",        // seed
-        &authorized,
-        &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
-        lamports,
-    ));
+    let message = Message::new(
+        &stake_instruction::create_account_with_seed(
+            &staker_pubkey, // from
+            &stake_address, // to
+            &staker_pubkey, // base
+            "stake",        // seed
+            &authorized,
+            &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
+            lamports,
+        ),
+        Some(&staker_pubkey),
+    );
 
     // only one signature required
     bank_client
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ fn test_stake_create_and_split_single_signature() {
         Pubkey::create_with_seed(&staker_pubkey, "split_stake", &solana_stake_program::id())
             .unwrap();
     // Test split
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &stake_instruction::split_with_seed(
             &stake_address, // original
             &staker_pubkey, // authorized
@@ -183,15 +186,18 @@ fn test_stake_create_and_split_to_existing_system_account() {
     let lamports = 1_000_000;
 
     // Create stake account with seed
-    let message = Message::new(&stake_instruction::create_account_with_seed(
-        &staker_pubkey, // from
-        &stake_address, // to
-        &staker_pubkey, // base
-        "stake",        // seed
-        &authorized,
-        &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
-        lamports,
-    ));
+    let message = Message::new(
+        &stake_instruction::create_account_with_seed(
+            &staker_pubkey, // from
+            &stake_address, // to
+            &staker_pubkey, // base
+            "stake",        // seed
+            &authorized,
+            &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
+            lamports,
+        ),
+        Some(&staker_pubkey),
+    );
 
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[&staker_keypair], message)
@@ -212,7 +218,7 @@ fn test_stake_create_and_split_to_existing_system_account() {
     );
 
     // Verify the split fails because the account is already in use
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &stake_instruction::split_with_seed(
             &stake_address, // original
             &staker_pubkey, // authorized
@@ -256,31 +262,37 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
     let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
 
     // Create Vote Account
-    let message = Message::new(&vote_instruction::create_account(
-        &mint_pubkey,
-        &vote_pubkey,
-        &VoteInit {
-            node_pubkey: identity_pubkey,
-            authorized_voter: vote_pubkey,
-            authorized_withdrawer: vote_pubkey,
-            commission: 50,
-        },
-        10,
-    ));
+    let message = Message::new(
+        &vote_instruction::create_account(
+            &mint_pubkey,
+            &vote_pubkey,
+            &VoteInit {
+                node_pubkey: identity_pubkey,
+                authorized_voter: vote_pubkey,
+                authorized_withdrawer: vote_pubkey,
+                commission: 50,
+            },
+            10,
+        ),
+        Some(&mint_pubkey),
+    );
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[&mint_keypair, &vote_keypair, &identity_keypair], message)
         .expect("failed to create vote account");
 
     let authorized = stake_state::Authorized::auto(&stake_pubkey);
     // Create stake account and delegate to vote account
-    let message = Message::new(&stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
-        &mint_pubkey,
-        &stake_pubkey,
-        &vote_pubkey,
-        &authorized,
-        &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
-        1_000_000,
-    ));
+    let message = Message::new(
+        &stake_instruction::create_account_and_delegate_stake(
+            &mint_pubkey,
+            &stake_pubkey,
+            &vote_pubkey,
+            &authorized,
+            &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
+            1_000_000,
+        ),
+        Some(&mint_pubkey),
+    );
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[&mint_keypair, &stake_keypair], message)
         .expect("failed to create and delegate stake account");
@@ -295,7 +307,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
     }
 
     // Test that we cannot withdraw anything until deactivation
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
             &stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -359,7 +371,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
 
     let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
     // Test split
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &stake_instruction::split(
             &stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -376,7 +388,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
         .is_ok());
 
     // Deactivate the split
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::deactivate_stake(
             &split_stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -390,7 +402,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
     let split_staked = get_staked(&bank, &split_stake_pubkey);
 
     // Test that we cannot withdraw above what's staked
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
             &split_stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -412,7 +424,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
     assert!(split_staked > 0);
 
     // withdrawal in cooldown
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
             &split_stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -428,7 +440,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
         .is_err());
 
     // but we can withdraw unstaked
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
             &split_stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -453,7 +465,7 @@ fn test_stake_account_lifetime() {
     let bank_client = BankClient::new_shared(&bank);
 
     // Test that we can withdraw everything else out of the split
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(
+    let message = Message::new(
         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
             &split_stake_pubkey,
             &stake_pubkey,
@@ -494,17 +506,20 @@ fn test_create_stake_account_from_seed() {
         Pubkey::create_with_seed(&mint_pubkey, seed, &solana_stake_program::id()).unwrap();
 
     // Create Vote Account
-    let message = Message::new(&vote_instruction::create_account(
-        &mint_pubkey,
-        &vote_pubkey,
-        &VoteInit {
-            node_pubkey: identity_pubkey,
-            authorized_voter: vote_pubkey,
-            authorized_withdrawer: vote_pubkey,
-            commission: 50,
-        },
-        10,
-    ));
+    let message = Message::new(
+        &vote_instruction::create_account(
+            &mint_pubkey,
+            &vote_pubkey,
+            &VoteInit {
+                node_pubkey: identity_pubkey,
+                authorized_voter: vote_pubkey,
+                authorized_withdrawer: vote_pubkey,
+                commission: 50,
+            },
+            10,
+        ),
+        Some(&mint_pubkey),
+    );
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[&mint_keypair, &vote_keypair, &identity_keypair], message)
         .expect("failed to create vote account");
@@ -522,6 +537,7 @@ fn test_create_stake_account_from_seed() {
             &stake_state::Lockup::default(),
             1_000_000,
         ),
+        Some(&mint_pubkey),
     );
     bank_client
         .send_message(&[&mint_keypair], message)
diff --git a/sdk/src/fee_calculator.rs b/sdk/src/fee_calculator.rs
index 6fb4de9e1..e255943b5 100644
--- a/sdk/src/fee_calculator.rs
+++ b/sdk/src/fee_calculator.rs
@@ -193,13 +193,13 @@ mod tests {
         let pubkey0 = Pubkey::new(&[0; 32]);
         let pubkey1 = Pubkey::new(&[1; 32]);
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix0]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix0], Some(&pubkey0));
         assert_eq!(FeeCalculator::new(2).calculate_fee(&message), 2);
 
         // Two signatures, double the fee.
         let ix0 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey0, &pubkey1, 1);
         let ix1 = system_instruction::transfer(&pubkey1, &pubkey0, 1);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix0, ix1], Some(&pubkey0));
         assert_eq!(FeeCalculator::new(2).calculate_fee(&message), 4);
     }
 
diff --git a/sdk/src/message.rs b/sdk/src/message.rs
index 41de80923..f82f1b0e2 100644
--- a/sdk/src/message.rs
+++ b/sdk/src/message.rs
@@ -57,18 +57,6 @@ impl InstructionKeys {
     }
 }
 
-/// Return the pubkey of the first writable signer in the given set of instructions.
-fn find_writable_signer(instructions: &[Instruction]) -> Option<&Pubkey> {
-    for instruction in instructions {
-        for account in &instruction.accounts {
-            if account.is_signer && account.is_writable {
-                return Some(&account.pubkey);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
 /// Return pubkeys referenced by all instructions, with the ones needing signatures first. If the
 /// payer key is provided, it is always placed first in the list of signed keys. Read-only signed
 /// accounts are placed last in the set of signed accounts. Read-only unsigned accounts,
@@ -245,12 +233,7 @@ impl Message {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn new(instructions: &[Instruction]) -> Self {
-        let payer = find_writable_signer(instructions).expect("no suitable key for fee-payer");
-        Self::new_with_payer(instructions, Some(payer))
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_with_payer(instructions: &[Instruction], payer: Option<&Pubkey>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(instructions: &[Instruction], payer: Option<&Pubkey>) -> Self {
         let InstructionKeys {
             mut signed_keys,
             unsigned_keys,
@@ -281,7 +264,7 @@ impl Message {
             &nonce_authority_pubkey,
         );
         instructions.insert(0, nonce_ix);
-        Self::new_with_payer(&instructions, payer)
+        Self::new(&instructions, payer)
     }
 
     pub fn serialize(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -523,11 +506,11 @@ mod tests {
         let program_id = Pubkey::default();
         let id0 = Pubkey::default();
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]);
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], None);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], None);
         assert_eq!(message.header.num_required_signatures, 0);
 
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, true)]);
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&id0));
         assert_eq!(message.header.num_required_signatures, 1);
     }
 
@@ -560,11 +543,14 @@ mod tests {
         let id0 = Pubkey::default();
         let keypair1 = Keypair::new();
         let id1 = keypair1.pubkey();
-        let message = Message::new(&[
-            Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id1, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, true)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, false)]),
-        ]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[
+                Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id1, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, true)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, false)]),
+            ],
+            Some(&id1),
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             message.instructions[0],
             CompiledInstruction::new(2, &0, vec![1])
@@ -586,11 +572,11 @@ mod tests {
         let id0 = Pubkey::default();
 
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]);
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&payer));
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&payer));
         assert_eq!(message.header.num_required_signatures, 1);
 
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, true)]);
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&payer));
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&payer));
         assert_eq!(message.header.num_required_signatures, 2);
 
         let ix = Instruction::new(
@@ -598,7 +584,7 @@ mod tests {
             &0,
             vec![AccountMeta::new(payer, true), AccountMeta::new(id0, true)],
         );
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[ix], Some(&payer));
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&payer));
         assert_eq!(message.header.num_required_signatures, 2);
     }
 
@@ -625,10 +611,13 @@ mod tests {
         let program_id0 = Pubkey::default();
         let program_id1 = Pubkey::new_rand();
         let id = Pubkey::new_rand();
-        let message = Message::new(&[
-            Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id, false)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id1, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id, true)]),
-        ]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[
+                Instruction::new(program_id0, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id, false)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id1, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id, true)]),
+            ],
+            Some(&id),
+        );
         assert_eq!(message.program_position(0), None);
         assert_eq!(message.program_position(1), Some(0));
         assert_eq!(message.program_position(2), Some(1));
@@ -668,12 +657,15 @@ mod tests {
         let id1 = Pubkey::new_rand();
         let id2 = Pubkey::new_rand();
         let id3 = Pubkey::new_rand();
-        let message = Message::new(&[
-            Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, true)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new_readonly(id2, false)]),
-            Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new_readonly(id3, true)]),
-        ]);
+        let message = Message::new(
+            &[
+                Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, false)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id1, true)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new_readonly(id2, false)]),
+                Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new_readonly(id3, true)]),
+            ],
+            Some(&id1),
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             message.get_account_keys_by_lock_type(),
             (vec![&id1, &id0], vec![&id3, &id2, &program_id])
diff --git a/sdk/src/system_transaction.rs b/sdk/src/system_transaction.rs
index d9de5a9ad..af3b8ce3f 100644
--- a/sdk/src/system_transaction.rs
+++ b/sdk/src/system_transaction.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::{
     hash::Hash,
+    message::Message,
     pubkey::Pubkey,
     signature::{Keypair, Signer},
     system_instruction,
@@ -19,20 +20,18 @@ pub fn create_account(
 ) -> Transaction {
     let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
     let to_pubkey = to_keypair.pubkey();
-    let create_instruction =
+    let instruction =
         system_instruction::create_account(&from_pubkey, &to_pubkey, lamports, space, program_id);
-    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
-        &[from_keypair, to_keypair],
-        &[create_instruction],
-        recent_blockhash,
-    )
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_pubkey));
+    Transaction::new(&[from_keypair, to_keypair], message, recent_blockhash)
 }
 
 /// Create and sign new system_instruction::Assign transaction
 pub fn assign(from_keypair: &Keypair, recent_blockhash: Hash, program_id: &Pubkey) -> Transaction {
     let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
-    let assign_instruction = system_instruction::assign(&from_pubkey, program_id);
-    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[from_keypair], &[assign_instruction], recent_blockhash)
+    let instruction = system_instruction::assign(&from_pubkey, program_id);
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_pubkey));
+    Transaction::new(&[from_keypair], message, recent_blockhash)
 }
 
 /// Create and sign new system_instruction::Transfer transaction
@@ -43,8 +42,9 @@ pub fn transfer(
     recent_blockhash: Hash,
 ) -> Transaction {
     let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
-    let transfer_instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, to, lamports);
-    Transaction::new_signed_instructions(&[from_keypair], &[transfer_instruction], recent_blockhash)
+    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, to, lamports);
+    let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&from_pubkey));
+    Transaction::new(&[from_keypair], message, recent_blockhash)
 }
 
 /// Create and sign new nonced system_instruction::Transfer transaction
@@ -57,14 +57,12 @@ pub fn nonced_transfer(
     nonce_hash: Hash,
 ) -> Transaction {
     let from_pubkey = from_keypair.pubkey();
-    let transfer_instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, to, lamports);
-    let instructions = vec![transfer_instruction];
-    Transaction::new_signed_with_nonce(
-        instructions,
+    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&from_pubkey, to, lamports);
+    let message = Message::new_with_nonce(
+        vec![instruction],
         Some(&from_pubkey),
-        &[from_keypair, nonce_authority],
         nonce_account,
         &nonce_authority.pubkey(),
-        nonce_hash,
-    )
+    );
+    Transaction::new(&[from_keypair, nonce_authority], message, nonce_hash)
 }
diff --git a/sdk/src/transaction.rs b/sdk/src/transaction.rs
index 6e59a587b..a7d778fb9 100644
--- a/sdk/src/transaction.rs
+++ b/sdk/src/transaction.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use crate::{
     short_vec,
     signature::{Signature, SignerError},
     signers::Signers,
-    system_instruction,
 };
 use std::result;
 use thiserror::Error;
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ impl Transaction {
     }
 
     pub fn new_with_payer(instructions: &[Instruction], payer: Option<&Pubkey>) -> Self {
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(instructions, payer);
+        let message = Message::new(instructions, payer);
         Self::new_unsigned(message)
     }
 
@@ -132,31 +131,10 @@ impl Transaction {
         signing_keypairs: &T,
         recent_blockhash: Hash,
     ) -> Self {
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(instructions, payer);
+        let message = Message::new(instructions, payer);
         Self::new(signing_keypairs, message, recent_blockhash)
     }
 
-    pub fn new_signed_with_nonce<T: Signers>(
-        mut instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
-        payer: Option<&Pubkey>,
-        signing_keypairs: &T,
-        nonce_account_pubkey: &Pubkey,
-        nonce_authority_pubkey: &Pubkey,
-        nonce_hash: Hash,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let nonce_ix = system_instruction::advance_nonce_account(
-            &nonce_account_pubkey,
-            &nonce_authority_pubkey,
-        );
-        instructions.insert(0, nonce_ix);
-        Self::new_signed_with_payer(&instructions, payer, signing_keypairs, nonce_hash)
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_unsigned_instructions(instructions: &[Instruction]) -> Self {
-        let message = Message::new(instructions);
-        Self::new_unsigned(message)
-    }
-
     pub fn new<T: Signers>(
         from_keypairs: &T,
         message: Message,
@@ -167,15 +145,6 @@ impl Transaction {
         tx
     }
 
-    pub fn new_signed_instructions<T: Signers>(
-        from_keypairs: &T,
-        instructions: &[Instruction],
-        recent_blockhash: Hash,
-    ) -> Transaction {
-        let message = Message::new(instructions);
-        Self::new(from_keypairs, message, recent_blockhash)
-    }
-
     /// Create a signed transaction
     /// * `from_keypairs` - The keys used to sign the transaction.
     /// * `keys` - The keys for the transaction.  These are the program state
@@ -563,7 +532,7 @@ mod tests {
             AccountMeta::new(to, false),
         ];
         let instruction = Instruction::new(program_id, &(1u8, 2u8, 3u8), account_metas);
-        let message = Message::new(&[instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&keypair.pubkey()));
         Transaction::new(&[&keypair], message, Hash::default())
     }
 
@@ -594,7 +563,7 @@ mod tests {
         let expected_instruction_size = 1 + 1 + ix.accounts.len() + 1 + expected_data_size;
         assert_eq!(expected_instruction_size, 17);
 
-        let message = Message::new(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&alice_pubkey));
         assert_eq!(
             serialized_size(&message.instructions[0]).unwrap() as usize,
             expected_instruction_size,
@@ -650,19 +619,22 @@ mod tests {
     #[should_panic]
     fn test_transaction_missing_key() {
         let keypair = Keypair::new();
-        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[]).sign(&[&keypair], Hash::default());
+        let message = Message::new(&[], None);
+        Transaction::new_unsigned(message).sign(&[&keypair], Hash::default());
     }
 
     #[test]
     #[should_panic]
     fn test_partial_sign_mismatched_key() {
         let keypair = Keypair::new();
-        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[Instruction::new(
+        let fee_payer = Pubkey::new_rand();
+        let ix = Instruction::new(
             Pubkey::default(),
             &0,
-            vec![AccountMeta::new(Pubkey::new_rand(), true)],
-        )])
-        .partial_sign(&[&keypair], Hash::default());
+            vec![AccountMeta::new(fee_payer, true)],
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&fee_payer));
+        Transaction::new_unsigned(message).partial_sign(&[&keypair], Hash::default());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -670,7 +642,7 @@ mod tests {
         let keypair0 = Keypair::new();
         let keypair1 = Keypair::new();
         let keypair2 = Keypair::new();
-        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[Instruction::new(
+        let ix = Instruction::new(
             Pubkey::default(),
             &0,
             vec![
@@ -678,7 +650,9 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountMeta::new(keypair1.pubkey(), true),
                 AccountMeta::new(keypair2.pubkey(), true),
             ],
-        )]);
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&keypair0.pubkey()));
+        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
         tx.partial_sign(&[&keypair0, &keypair2], Hash::default());
         assert!(!tx.is_signed());
@@ -699,8 +673,8 @@ mod tests {
         let keypair0 = Keypair::new();
         let id0 = keypair0.pubkey();
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, true)]);
-        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix])
-            .sign(&Vec::<&Keypair>::new(), Hash::default());
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&id0));
+        Transaction::new_unsigned(message).sign(&Vec::<&Keypair>::new(), Hash::default());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -710,7 +684,8 @@ mod tests {
         let keypair0 = Keypair::new();
         let wrong_id = Pubkey::default();
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(wrong_id, true)]);
-        Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix]).sign(&[&keypair0], Hash::default());
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&wrong_id));
+        Transaction::new_unsigned(message).sign(&[&keypair0], Hash::default());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -719,7 +694,8 @@ mod tests {
         let keypair0 = Keypair::new();
         let id0 = keypair0.pubkey();
         let ix = Instruction::new(program_id, &0, vec![AccountMeta::new(id0, true)]);
-        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&id0));
+        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
         tx.sign(&[&keypair0], Hash::default());
         assert_eq!(
             tx.message.instructions[0],
@@ -744,7 +720,8 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountMeta::new(id1, false),
             ],
         );
-        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&id0));
+        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
         tx.sign(&[&keypair0], Hash::default());
         assert_eq!(
             tx.message.instructions[0],
@@ -769,7 +746,8 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountMeta::new(presigner_pubkey, true),
             ],
         );
-        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&pubkey));
+        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
         let presigner_sig = presigner_keypair.sign_message(&tx.message_data());
         let presigner = Presigner::new(&presigner_pubkey, &presigner_sig);
@@ -791,7 +769,8 @@ mod tests {
                 AccountMeta::new(presigner_pubkey, true),
             ],
         );
-        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned_instructions(&[ix]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[ix], Some(&another_pubkey));
+        let mut tx = Transaction::new_unsigned(message);
 
         let res = tx.try_sign(&signers, Hash::default());
         assert!(res.is_err());
diff --git a/stake-accounts/src/stake_accounts.rs b/stake-accounts/src/stake_accounts.rs
index 5e70b2bb3..7e7ce5968 100644
--- a/stake-accounts/src/stake_accounts.rs
+++ b/stake-accounts/src/stake_accounts.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub(crate) fn new_stake_account(
         &lockup,
         lamports,
     );
-    Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(fee_payer_pubkey))
+    Message::new(&instructions, Some(fee_payer_pubkey))
 }
 
 fn authorize_stake_accounts_instructions(
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn rebase_stake_account(
         new_base_pubkey,
         &i.to_string(),
     );
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
+    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
     Some(message)
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ fn move_stake_account(
     );
 
     instructions.extend(authorize_instructions.into_iter());
-    let message = Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
+    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
     Some(message)
 }
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub(crate) fn authorize_stake_accounts(
                 new_stake_authority_pubkey,
                 new_withdraw_authority_pubkey,
             );
-            Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey))
+            Message::new(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey))
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>()
 }
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ pub(crate) fn lockup_stake_accounts(
                 return None;
             }
             let instruction = stake_instruction::set_lockup(address, &lockup, custodian_pubkey);
-            let message = Message::new_with_payer(&[instruction], Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
+            let message = Message::new(&[instruction], Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
             Some(message)
         })
         .collect()
diff --git a/stake-monitor/src/lib.rs b/stake-monitor/src/lib.rs
index b136d9765..bd24fffae 100644
--- a/stake-monitor/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stake-monitor/src/lib.rs
@@ -396,16 +396,18 @@ mod test {
 
         // Configure stake1
         let stake1_keypair = Keypair::new();
+        let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account(
+            &payer.pubkey(),
+            &stake1_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
+            &Lockup::default(),
+            one_sol,
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer.pubkey()));
         let stake1_signature = rpc_client
-            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new(
                 &[&payer, &stake1_keypair],
-                &stake_instruction::create_account(
-                    &payer.pubkey(),
-                    &stake1_keypair.pubkey(),
-                    &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
-                    &Lockup::default(),
-                    one_sol,
-                ),
+                message,
                 blockhash,
             ))
             .unwrap();
@@ -426,35 +428,39 @@ mod test {
 
         // Configure stake2 with non-compliant lockup
         let stake2_keypair = Keypair::new();
+        let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account(
+            &payer.pubkey(),
+            &stake2_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
+            &Lockup {
+                custodian: payer.pubkey(),
+                ..Lockup::default()
+            },
+            one_sol,
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer.pubkey()));
         let stake2_signature = rpc_client
-            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new(
                 &[&payer, &stake2_keypair],
-                &stake_instruction::create_account(
-                    &payer.pubkey(),
-                    &stake2_keypair.pubkey(),
-                    &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
-                    &Lockup {
-                        custodian: payer.pubkey(),
-                        ..Lockup::default()
-                    },
-                    one_sol,
-                ),
+                message,
                 blockhash,
             ))
             .unwrap();
 
         // Configure stake3
         let stake3_keypair = Keypair::new();
+        let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account(
+            &payer.pubkey(),
+            &stake3_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
+            &Lockup::default(),
+            one_sol,
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer.pubkey()));
         let stake3_initialize_signature = rpc_client
-            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new(
                 &[&payer, &stake3_keypair],
-                &stake_instruction::create_account(
-                    &payer.pubkey(),
-                    &stake3_keypair.pubkey(),
-                    &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
-                    &Lockup::default(),
-                    one_sol,
-                ),
+                message,
                 blockhash,
             ))
             .unwrap();
@@ -471,7 +477,7 @@ mod test {
             .send_transaction_with_config(
                 &Transaction::new(
                     &[&payer, &stake3_keypair],
-                    Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Message::new(
                         &[stake_instruction::withdraw(
                             &stake3_keypair.pubkey(),
                             &stake3_keypair.pubkey(),
@@ -498,16 +504,18 @@ mod test {
 
         // Configure stake4
         let stake4_keypair = Keypair::new();
+        let instructions = stake_instruction::create_account(
+            &payer.pubkey(),
+            &stake4_keypair.pubkey(),
+            &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
+            &Lockup::default(),
+            2 * one_sol,
+        );
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&payer.pubkey()));
         let stake4_initialize_signature = rpc_client
-            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new_signed_instructions(
+            .send_transaction(&Transaction::new(
                 &[&payer, &stake4_keypair],
-                &stake_instruction::create_account(
-                    &payer.pubkey(),
-                    &stake4_keypair.pubkey(),
-                    &Authorized::auto(&payer.pubkey()),
-                    &Lockup::default(),
-                    2 * one_sol,
-                ),
+                message,
                 blockhash,
             ))
             .unwrap();
@@ -525,7 +533,7 @@ mod test {
             .send_transaction_with_config(
                 &Transaction::new(
                     &[&payer, &stake5_keypair],
-                    Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Message::new(
                         &stake_instruction::split(
                             &stake4_keypair.pubkey(),
                             &payer.pubkey(),
diff --git a/stake-o-matic/src/main.rs b/stake-o-matic/src/main.rs
index 261806e79..4b66d78e7 100644
--- a/stake-o-matic/src/main.rs
+++ b/stake-o-matic/src/main.rs
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
             );
             source_stake_lamports_required += config.baseline_stake_amount;
             create_stake_transactions.push((
-                Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new_with_payer(
+                Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(
                     &stake_instruction::split_with_seed(
                         &config.source_stake_address,
                         &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
             );
             source_stake_lamports_required += config.bonus_stake_amount;
             create_stake_transactions.push((
-                Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new_with_payer(
+                Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(
                     &stake_instruction::split_with_seed(
                         &config.source_stake_address,
                         &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
             // Delegate baseline stake
             if !stake_activated_in_current_epoch.contains(&baseline_stake_address) {
                 delegate_stake_transactions.push((
-                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(
                         &[stake_instruction::delegate_stake(
                             &baseline_stake_address,
                             &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
                     if !stake_activated_in_current_epoch.contains(&bonus_stake_address) {
                         delegate_stake_transactions.push((
                         Transaction::new_unsigned(
-                        Message::new_with_payer(
+                        Message::new(
                             &[stake_instruction::delegate_stake(
                                 &bonus_stake_address,
                                 &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -754,7 +754,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
                     // Deactivate bonus stake
                     delegate_stake_transactions.push((
                     Transaction::new_unsigned(
-                    Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Message::new(
                         &[stake_instruction::deactivate_stake(
                             &bonus_stake_address,
                             &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
             {
                 // Deactivate baseline stake
                 delegate_stake_transactions.push((
-                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(
                         &[stake_instruction::deactivate_stake(
                             &baseline_stake_address,
                             &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn error::Error>> {
 
                 // Deactivate bonus stake
                 delegate_stake_transactions.push((
-                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new_with_payer(
+                    Transaction::new_unsigned(Message::new(
                         &[stake_instruction::deactivate_stake(
                             &bonus_stake_address,
                             &config.authorized_staker.pubkey(),
diff --git a/tokens/src/commands.rs b/tokens/src/commands.rs
index 4d5646ff6..dd16e30e4 100644
--- a/tokens/src/commands.rs
+++ b/tokens/src/commands.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ fn distribute_tokens(
         };
 
         let fee_payer_pubkey = args.fee_payer.pubkey();
-        let message = Message::new_with_payer(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
+        let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&fee_payer_pubkey));
         match client.send_message(message, &signers) {
             Ok((transaction, last_valid_slot)) => {
                 db::set_transaction_info(
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ pub fn test_process_distribute_stake_with_client<C: Client>(client: C, sender_ke
         &lockup,
         sol_to_lamports(3000.0),
     );
-    let message = Message::new(&instructions);
+    let message = Message::new(&instructions, Some(&sender_keypair.pubkey()));
     let signers = [&sender_keypair, &stake_account_keypair];
     thin_client.send_message(message, &signers).unwrap();
 
diff --git a/tokens/src/thin_client.rs b/tokens/src/thin_client.rs
index 1bbe02ee0..6b23d427f 100644
--- a/tokens/src/thin_client.rs
+++ b/tokens/src/thin_client.rs
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'a> ThinClient<'a> {
     ) -> Result<(Transaction, u64)> {
         let create_instruction =
             system_instruction::transfer(&sender_keypair.pubkey(), &to_pubkey, lamports);
-        let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction]);
+        let message = Message::new(&[create_instruction], Some(&sender_keypair.pubkey()));
         self.send_message(message, &[sender_keypair])
     }