diff --git a/ci/test-checks.sh b/ci/test-checks.sh
index 7f6901130..29a610d66 100755
--- a/ci/test-checks.sh
+++ b/ci/test-checks.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ _ cargo +"$rust_stable" clippy --all --exclude solana-sdk-c -- --deny=warnings
 _ cargo +"$rust_stable" clippy --manifest-path sdk-c/Cargo.toml -- --deny=warnings
 
 _ cargo +"$rust_stable" audit --version
-_ cargo +"$rust_stable" audit --ignore RUSTSEC-2019-0013
+_ cargo +"$rust_stable" audit --ignore RUSTSEC-2019-0013 --ignore RUSTSEC-2018-0015
 _ ci/nits.sh
 _ ci/order-crates-for-publishing.py
 _ book/build.sh
diff --git a/core/src/blocktree.rs b/core/src/blocktree.rs
index 314a41037..34dde3bed 100644
--- a/core/src/blocktree.rs
+++ b/core/src/blocktree.rs
@@ -36,28 +36,19 @@ mod db;
 mod meta;
 mod rooted_slot_iterator;
 
-macro_rules! db_imports {
-    { $mod:ident, $db:ident, $db_path:expr } => {
-        mod $mod;
+pub use db::columns;
+use db::{columns as cf, IteratorDirection, IteratorMode};
 
-        use $mod::$db;
-        use db::{columns as cf, IteratorMode, IteratorDirection};
-        pub use db::columns;
+pub type Database = db::Database;
+pub type Cursor<C> = db::Cursor<C>;
+pub type LedgerColumn<C> = db::LedgerColumn<C>;
+pub type WriteBatch = db::WriteBatch;
+type BatchProcessor = db::BatchProcessor;
 
-        pub type Database = db::Database<$db>;
-        pub type Cursor<C> = db::Cursor<$db, C>;
-        pub type LedgerColumn<C> = db::LedgerColumn<$db, C>;
-        pub type WriteBatch = db::WriteBatch<$db>;
-        type BatchProcessor = db::BatchProcessor<$db>;
+pub trait Column: db::Column {}
+impl<C: db::Column> Column for C {}
 
-        pub trait Column: db::Column<$db> {}
-        impl<C: db::Column<$db>> Column for C {}
-
-        pub const BLOCKTREE_DIRECTORY: &str = $db_path;
-    };
-}
-
-db_imports! {rocks, Rocks, "rocksdb"}
+pub const BLOCKTREE_DIRECTORY: &str = "rocksdb";
 
 pub const MAX_COMPLETED_SLOTS_IN_CHANNEL: usize = 100_000;
 
diff --git a/core/src/blocktree/db.rs b/core/src/blocktree/db.rs
index 87f41acfa..7e2b06a92 100644
--- a/core/src/blocktree/db.rs
+++ b/core/src/blocktree/db.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::blocktree::{BlocktreeError, Result};
 
 use bincode::{deserialize, serialize};
+use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder};
 
 use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
 use serde::Serialize;
@@ -8,10 +9,21 @@ use serde::Serialize;
 use solana_sdk::clock::Slot;
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fs;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use rocksdb::{
+    self, ColumnFamily, ColumnFamilyDescriptor, DBIterator, DBRawIterator, Direction,
+    IteratorMode as RocksIteratorMode, Options, WriteBatch as RWriteBatch, DB,
+};
+
+// A good value for this is the number of cores on the machine
+const TOTAL_THREADS: i32 = 8;
+const MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: u64 = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 256MB
+const MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: u64 = 64 * 1024; // 64KB
+
 pub enum IteratorMode<Index> {
     Start,
     End,
@@ -57,153 +69,434 @@ pub mod columns {
     pub struct ShredCode;
 }
 
-pub trait Backend: Sized + Send + Sync {
-    type Key: ?Sized + ToOwned<Owned = Self::OwnedKey>;
-    type OwnedKey: Borrow<Self::Key>;
-    type ColumnFamily: Clone;
-    type Cursor: DbCursor<Self>;
-    type Iter: Iterator<Item = (Box<Self::Key>, Box<[u8]>)>;
-    type WriteBatch: IWriteBatch<Self>;
-    type Error: Into<BlocktreeError>;
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Rocks(rocksdb::DB);
 
-    fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Self>;
+impl Rocks {
+    fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Rocks> {
+        use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{
+            DeadSlots, ErasureMeta, Index, Orphans, Root, ShredCode, ShredData, SlotMeta,
+        };
 
-    fn columns(&self) -> Vec<&'static str>;
+        fs::create_dir_all(&path)?;
 
-    fn destroy(path: &Path) -> Result<()>;
+        // Use default database options
+        let db_options = get_db_options();
 
-    fn cf_handle(&self, cf: &str) -> Self::ColumnFamily;
+        // Column family names
+        let meta_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(SlotMeta::NAME, get_cf_options(SlotMeta::NAME));
+        let dead_slots_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(DeadSlots::NAME, get_cf_options(DeadSlots::NAME));
+        let erasure_meta_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ErasureMeta::NAME, get_cf_options(ErasureMeta::NAME));
+        let orphans_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Orphans::NAME, get_cf_options(Orphans::NAME));
+        let root_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Root::NAME, get_cf_options(Root::NAME));
+        let index_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Index::NAME, get_cf_options(Index::NAME));
+        let shred_data_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ShredData::NAME, get_cf_options(ShredData::NAME));
+        let shred_code_cf_descriptor =
+            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ShredCode::NAME, get_cf_options(ShredCode::NAME));
 
-    fn get_cf(&self, cf: Self::ColumnFamily, key: &Self::Key) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>;
+        let cfs = vec![
+            meta_cf_descriptor,
+            dead_slots_cf_descriptor,
+            erasure_meta_cf_descriptor,
+            orphans_cf_descriptor,
+            root_cf_descriptor,
+            index_cf_descriptor,
+            shred_data_cf_descriptor,
+            shred_code_cf_descriptor,
+        ];
 
-    fn put_cf(&self, cf: Self::ColumnFamily, key: &Self::Key, value: &[u8]) -> Result<()>;
+        // Open the database
+        let db = Rocks(DB::open_cf_descriptors(&db_options, path, cfs)?);
 
-    fn delete_cf(&self, cf: Self::ColumnFamily, key: &Self::Key) -> Result<()>;
+        Ok(db)
+    }
+
+    fn columns(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{
+            DeadSlots, ErasureMeta, Index, Orphans, Root, ShredCode, ShredData, SlotMeta,
+        };
+
+        vec![
+            ErasureMeta::NAME,
+            DeadSlots::NAME,
+            Index::NAME,
+            Orphans::NAME,
+            Root::NAME,
+            SlotMeta::NAME,
+            ShredData::NAME,
+            ShredCode::NAME,
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn destroy(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        DB::destroy(&Options::default(), path)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn cf_handle(&self, cf: &str) -> ColumnFamily {
+        self.0
+            .cf_handle(cf)
+            .expect("should never get an unknown column")
+    }
+
+    fn get_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let opt = self.0.get_cf(cf, key)?.map(|db_vec| db_vec.to_vec());
+        Ok(opt)
+    }
+
+    fn put_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.put_cf(cf, key, value)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn delete_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.delete_cf(cf, key)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
     fn iterator_cf(
         &self,
-        cf: Self::ColumnFamily,
-        iterator_mode: IteratorMode<&Self::Key>,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Iter>;
+        cf: ColumnFamily,
+        iterator_mode: IteratorMode<&[u8]>,
+    ) -> Result<DBIterator> {
+        let iter = {
+            match iterator_mode {
+                IteratorMode::Start => self.0.iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::Start)?,
+                IteratorMode::End => self.0.iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::End)?,
+                IteratorMode::From(start_from, direction) => {
+                    let rocks_direction = match direction {
+                        IteratorDirection::Forward => Direction::Forward,
+                        IteratorDirection::Reverse => Direction::Reverse,
+                    };
+                    self.0
+                        .iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::From(start_from, rocks_direction))?
+                }
+            }
+        };
 
-    fn raw_iterator_cf(&self, cf: Self::ColumnFamily) -> Result<Self::Cursor>;
+        Ok(iter)
+    }
 
-    fn write(&self, batch: Self::WriteBatch) -> Result<()>;
+    fn raw_iterator_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily) -> Result<DBRawIterator> {
+        let raw_iter = self.0.raw_iterator_cf(cf)?;
 
-    fn batch(&self) -> Result<Self::WriteBatch>;
+        Ok(raw_iter)
+    }
+
+    fn batch(&self) -> Result<RWriteBatch> {
+        Ok(RWriteBatch::default())
+    }
+
+    fn write(&self, batch: RWriteBatch) -> Result<()> {
+        self.0.write(batch)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
-pub trait Column<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
+pub trait Column {
     const NAME: &'static str;
     type Index;
 
-    fn key(index: Self::Index) -> B::OwnedKey;
-    fn index(key: &B::Key) -> Self::Index;
+    fn key(index: Self::Index) -> Vec<u8>;
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> Self::Index;
     fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot;
     fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index;
 }
 
-pub trait DbCursor<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
+pub trait DbCursor {
     fn valid(&self) -> bool;
 
-    fn seek(&mut self, key: &B::Key);
+    fn seek(&mut self, key: &[u8]);
 
     fn seek_to_first(&mut self);
 
     fn next(&mut self);
 
-    fn key(&self) -> Option<B::OwnedKey>;
+    fn key(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>>;
 
     fn value(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>>;
 }
 
-pub trait IWriteBatch<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    fn put_cf(&mut self, cf: B::ColumnFamily, key: &B::Key, value: &[u8]) -> Result<()>;
-    fn delete_cf(&mut self, cf: B::ColumnFamily, key: &B::Key) -> Result<()>;
+pub trait IWriteBatch {
+    fn put_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Result<()>;
+    fn delete_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<()>;
 }
 
-pub trait TypedColumn<B>: Column<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
+pub trait TypedColumn: Column {
     type Type: Serialize + DeserializeOwned;
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Database<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    backend: Arc<B>,
+impl Column for columns::ShredCode {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::CODE_SHRED_CF;
+    type Index = (u64, u64);
+
+    fn key(index: (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
+        columns::ShredData::key(index)
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
+        columns::ShredData::index(key)
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index.0
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        (slot, 0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::ShredData {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::DATA_SHRED_CF;
+    type Index = (u64, u64);
+
+    fn key((slot, index): (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 16];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..8], slot);
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[8..16], index);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
+        let slot = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8]);
+        let index = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[8..16]);
+        (slot, index)
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index.0
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        (slot, 0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::Index {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::INDEX_CF;
+    type Index = u64;
+
+    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::Index {
+    type Type = crate::blocktree::meta::Index;
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::DeadSlots {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::DEAD_SLOTS_CF;
+    type Index = u64;
+
+    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::DeadSlots {
+    type Type = bool;
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::Orphans {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::ORPHANS_CF;
+    type Index = u64;
+
+    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::Orphans {
+    type Type = bool;
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::Root {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::ROOT_CF;
+    type Index = u64;
+
+    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::Root {
+    type Type = bool;
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::SlotMeta {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::META_CF;
+    type Index = u64;
+
+    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
+        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        slot
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::SlotMeta {
+    type Type = super::SlotMeta;
+}
+
+impl Column for columns::ErasureMeta {
+    const NAME: &'static str = super::ERASURE_META_CF;
+    type Index = (u64, u64);
+
+    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
+        let slot = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8]);
+        let set_index = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[8..]);
+
+        (slot, set_index)
+    }
+
+    fn key((slot, set_index): (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut key = vec![0; 16];
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..8], slot);
+        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[8..], set_index);
+        key
+    }
+
+    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
+        index.0
+    }
+
+    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
+        (slot, 0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypedColumn for columns::ErasureMeta {
+    type Type = super::ErasureMeta;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct BatchProcessor<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    backend: Arc<B>,
+pub struct Database {
+    backend: Arc<Rocks>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Cursor<B, C>
+pub struct BatchProcessor {
+    backend: Arc<Rocks>,
+}
+
+pub struct Cursor<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: Column<B>,
+    C: Column,
 {
-    db_cursor: B::Cursor,
+    db_cursor: DBRawIterator,
     column: PhantomData<C>,
-    backend: PhantomData<B>,
+    backend: PhantomData<Rocks>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct LedgerColumn<B, C>
+pub struct LedgerColumn<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: Column<B>,
+    C: Column,
 {
-    backend: Arc<B>,
+    backend: Arc<Rocks>,
     column: PhantomData<C>,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct WriteBatch<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    write_batch: B::WriteBatch,
-    backend: PhantomData<B>,
-    map: HashMap<&'static str, B::ColumnFamily>,
+pub struct WriteBatch {
+    write_batch: RWriteBatch,
+    backend: PhantomData<Rocks>,
+    map: HashMap<&'static str, ColumnFamily>,
 }
 
-impl<B> Database<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
+impl Database {
     pub fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
-        let backend = Arc::new(B::open(path)?);
+        let backend = Arc::new(Rocks::open(path)?);
 
         Ok(Database { backend })
     }
 
     pub fn destroy(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-        B::destroy(path)?;
+        Rocks::destroy(path)?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn get_bytes<C>(&self, key: C::Index) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         self.backend
             .get_cf(self.cf_handle::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow())
@@ -211,7 +504,7 @@ where
 
     pub fn put_bytes<C>(&self, key: C::Index, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         self.backend
             .put_cf(self.cf_handle::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow(), data)
@@ -219,7 +512,7 @@ where
 
     pub fn delete<C>(&self, key: C::Index) -> Result<()>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         self.backend
             .delete_cf(self.cf_handle::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow())
@@ -227,7 +520,7 @@ where
 
     pub fn get<C>(&self, key: C::Index) -> Result<Option<C::Type>>
     where
-        C: TypedColumn<B>,
+        C: TypedColumn,
     {
         if let Some(serialized_value) = self
             .backend
@@ -243,7 +536,7 @@ where
 
     pub fn put<C>(&self, key: C::Index, value: &C::Type) -> Result<()>
     where
-        C: TypedColumn<B>,
+        C: TypedColumn,
     {
         let serialized_value = serialize(value)?;
 
@@ -254,9 +547,9 @@ where
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn cursor<C>(&self) -> Result<Cursor<B, C>>
+    pub fn cursor<C>(&self) -> Result<Cursor<C>>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         let db_cursor = self.backend.raw_iterator_cf(self.cf_handle::<C>())?;
 
@@ -272,7 +565,7 @@ where
         iterator_mode: IteratorMode<C::Index>,
     ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = (C::Index, Box<[u8]>)>>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         let iter = {
             match iterator_mode {
@@ -296,16 +589,16 @@ where
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn cf_handle<C>(&self) -> B::ColumnFamily
+    pub fn cf_handle<C>(&self) -> ColumnFamily
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
-        self.backend.cf_handle(C::NAME).clone()
+        self.backend.cf_handle(C::NAME)
     }
 
-    pub fn column<C>(&self) -> LedgerColumn<B, C>
+    pub fn column<C>(&self) -> LedgerColumn<C>
     where
-        C: Column<B>,
+        C: Column,
     {
         LedgerColumn {
             backend: Arc::clone(&self.backend),
@@ -318,18 +611,15 @@ where
     // blocktree.batch_processor, so this API should only be used if the caller is sure they
     // are writing to data in columns that will not be corrupted by any simultaneous blocktree
     // operations.
-    pub unsafe fn batch_processor(&self) -> BatchProcessor<B> {
+    pub unsafe fn batch_processor(&self) -> BatchProcessor {
         BatchProcessor {
             backend: Arc::clone(&self.backend),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<B> BatchProcessor<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    pub fn batch(&mut self) -> Result<WriteBatch<B>> {
+impl BatchProcessor {
+    pub fn batch(&mut self) -> Result<WriteBatch> {
         let db_write_batch = self.backend.batch()?;
         let map = self
             .backend
@@ -345,15 +635,14 @@ where
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn write(&mut self, batch: WriteBatch<B>) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn write(&mut self, batch: WriteBatch) -> Result<()> {
         self.backend.write(batch.write_batch)
     }
 }
 
-impl<B, C> Cursor<B, C>
+impl<C> Cursor<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: Column<B>,
+    C: Column,
 {
     pub fn valid(&self) -> bool {
         self.db_cursor.valid()
@@ -384,10 +673,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<B, C> Cursor<B, C>
+impl<C> Cursor<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: TypedColumn<B>,
+    C: TypedColumn,
 {
     pub fn value(&self) -> Option<C::Type> {
         if let Some(bytes) = self.db_cursor.value() {
@@ -399,16 +687,15 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<B, C> LedgerColumn<B, C>
+impl<C> LedgerColumn<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: Column<B>,
+    C: Column,
 {
     pub fn get_bytes(&self, key: C::Index) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
         self.backend.get_cf(self.handle(), C::key(key).borrow())
     }
 
-    pub fn cursor(&self) -> Result<Cursor<B, C>> {
+    pub fn cursor(&self) -> Result<Cursor<C>> {
         let db_cursor = self.backend.raw_iterator_cf(self.handle())?;
 
         Ok(Cursor {
@@ -441,7 +728,7 @@ where
 
     pub fn delete_slot(
         &self,
-        batch: &mut WriteBatch<B>,
+        batch: &mut WriteBatch,
         from: Option<Slot>,
         to: Option<Slot>,
     ) -> Result<bool>
@@ -474,8 +761,8 @@ where
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn handle(&self) -> B::ColumnFamily {
-        self.backend.cf_handle(C::NAME).clone()
+    pub fn handle(&self) -> ColumnFamily {
+        self.backend.cf_handle(C::NAME)
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> Result<bool> {
@@ -494,10 +781,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<B, C> LedgerColumn<B, C>
+impl<C> LedgerColumn<C>
 where
-    B: Backend,
-    C: TypedColumn<B>,
+    C: TypedColumn,
 {
     pub fn get(&self, key: C::Index) -> Result<Option<C::Type>> {
         if let Some(serialized_value) = self.backend.get_cf(self.handle(), C::key(key).borrow())? {
@@ -517,28 +803,106 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<B> WriteBatch<B>
-where
-    B: Backend,
-{
-    pub fn put_bytes<C: Column<B>>(&mut self, key: C::Index, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+impl WriteBatch {
+    pub fn put_bytes<C: Column>(&mut self, key: C::Index, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
         self.write_batch
             .put_cf(self.get_cf::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow(), bytes)
+            .map_err(|e| e.into())
     }
 
-    pub fn delete<C: Column<B>>(&mut self, key: C::Index) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn delete<C: Column>(&mut self, key: C::Index) -> Result<()> {
         self.write_batch
             .delete_cf(self.get_cf::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow())
+            .map_err(|e| e.into())
     }
 
-    pub fn put<C: TypedColumn<B>>(&mut self, key: C::Index, value: &C::Type) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn put<C: TypedColumn>(&mut self, key: C::Index, value: &C::Type) -> Result<()> {
         let serialized_value = serialize(&value)?;
         self.write_batch
             .put_cf(self.get_cf::<C>(), C::key(key).borrow(), &serialized_value)
+            .map_err(|e| e.into())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn get_cf<C: Column<B>>(&self) -> B::ColumnFamily {
-        self.map[C::NAME].clone()
+    fn get_cf<C: Column>(&self) -> ColumnFamily {
+        self.map[C::NAME]
     }
 }
+
+impl DbCursor for DBRawIterator {
+    fn valid(&self) -> bool {
+        DBRawIterator::valid(self)
+    }
+
+    fn seek(&mut self, key: &[u8]) {
+        DBRawIterator::seek(self, key);
+    }
+
+    fn seek_to_first(&mut self) {
+        DBRawIterator::seek_to_first(self);
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) {
+        DBRawIterator::next(self);
+    }
+
+    fn key(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        DBRawIterator::key(self)
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        DBRawIterator::value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IWriteBatch for RWriteBatch {
+    fn put_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        RWriteBatch::put_cf(self, cf, key, value)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn delete_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        RWriteBatch::delete_cf(self, cf, key)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::convert::From<rocksdb::Error> for BlocktreeError {
+    fn from(e: rocksdb::Error) -> BlocktreeError {
+        BlocktreeError::RocksDb(e)
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_cf_options(name: &'static str) -> Options {
+    use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{ErasureMeta, Index, ShredCode, ShredData};
+
+    let mut options = Options::default();
+    match name {
+        ShredCode::NAME | ShredData::NAME | Index::NAME | ErasureMeta::NAME => {
+            // 512MB * 8 = 4GB. 2 of these columns should take no more than 8GB of RAM
+            options.set_max_write_buffer_number(8);
+            options.set_write_buffer_size(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE as usize);
+            options.set_target_file_size_base(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE / 10);
+            options.set_max_bytes_for_level_base(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+        }
+        _ => {
+            // We want smaller CFs to flush faster. This results in more WAL files but lowers
+            // overall WAL space utilization and increases flush frequency
+            options.set_write_buffer_size(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE as usize);
+            options.set_target_file_size_base(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+            options.set_max_bytes_for_level_base(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+            options.set_level_zero_file_num_compaction_trigger(1);
+        }
+    }
+    options
+}
+
+fn get_db_options() -> Options {
+    let mut options = Options::default();
+    options.create_if_missing(true);
+    options.create_missing_column_families(true);
+    options.increase_parallelism(TOTAL_THREADS);
+    options.set_max_background_flushes(4);
+    options.set_max_background_compactions(4);
+    options
+}
diff --git a/core/src/blocktree/rocks.rs b/core/src/blocktree/rocks.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 020f998c4..000000000
--- a/core/src/blocktree/rocks.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,452 +0,0 @@
-use crate::blocktree::db::columns as cf;
-use crate::blocktree::db::{
-    Backend, Column, DbCursor, IWriteBatch, IteratorDirection, IteratorMode, TypedColumn,
-};
-use crate::blocktree::{BlocktreeError, Result};
-use solana_sdk::clock::Slot;
-
-use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder};
-
-use rocksdb::{
-    self, ColumnFamily, ColumnFamilyDescriptor, DBIterator, DBRawIterator, Direction,
-    IteratorMode as RocksIteratorMode, Options, WriteBatch as RWriteBatch, DB,
-};
-
-use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
-
-// A good value for this is the number of cores on the machine
-const TOTAL_THREADS: i32 = 8;
-const MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: u64 = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 256MB
-const MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE: u64 = 64 * 1024; // 64KB
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Rocks(rocksdb::DB);
-
-impl Backend for Rocks {
-    type Key = [u8];
-    type OwnedKey = Vec<u8>;
-    type ColumnFamily = ColumnFamily;
-    type Cursor = DBRawIterator;
-    type Iter = DBIterator;
-    type WriteBatch = RWriteBatch;
-    type Error = rocksdb::Error;
-
-    fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Rocks> {
-        use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{
-            DeadSlots, ErasureMeta, Index, Orphans, Root, ShredCode, ShredData, SlotMeta,
-        };
-
-        fs::create_dir_all(&path)?;
-
-        // Use default database options
-        let db_options = get_db_options();
-
-        // Column family names
-        let meta_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(SlotMeta::NAME, get_cf_options(SlotMeta::NAME));
-        let dead_slots_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(DeadSlots::NAME, get_cf_options(DeadSlots::NAME));
-        let erasure_meta_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ErasureMeta::NAME, get_cf_options(ErasureMeta::NAME));
-        let orphans_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Orphans::NAME, get_cf_options(Orphans::NAME));
-        let root_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Root::NAME, get_cf_options(Root::NAME));
-        let index_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(Index::NAME, get_cf_options(Index::NAME));
-        let shred_data_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ShredData::NAME, get_cf_options(ShredData::NAME));
-        let shred_code_cf_descriptor =
-            ColumnFamilyDescriptor::new(ShredCode::NAME, get_cf_options(ShredCode::NAME));
-
-        let cfs = vec![
-            meta_cf_descriptor,
-            dead_slots_cf_descriptor,
-            erasure_meta_cf_descriptor,
-            orphans_cf_descriptor,
-            root_cf_descriptor,
-            index_cf_descriptor,
-            shred_data_cf_descriptor,
-            shred_code_cf_descriptor,
-        ];
-
-        // Open the database
-        let db = Rocks(DB::open_cf_descriptors(&db_options, path, cfs)?);
-
-        Ok(db)
-    }
-
-    fn columns(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
-        use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{
-            DeadSlots, ErasureMeta, Index, Orphans, Root, ShredCode, ShredData, SlotMeta,
-        };
-
-        vec![
-            ErasureMeta::NAME,
-            DeadSlots::NAME,
-            Index::NAME,
-            Orphans::NAME,
-            Root::NAME,
-            SlotMeta::NAME,
-            ShredData::NAME,
-            ShredCode::NAME,
-        ]
-    }
-
-    fn destroy(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-        DB::destroy(&Options::default(), path)?;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn cf_handle(&self, cf: &str) -> ColumnFamily {
-        self.0
-            .cf_handle(cf)
-            .expect("should never get an unknown column")
-    }
-
-    fn get_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
-        let opt = self.0.get_cf(cf, key)?.map(|db_vec| db_vec.to_vec());
-        Ok(opt)
-    }
-
-    fn put_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        self.0.put_cf(cf, key, value)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn delete_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        self.0.delete_cf(cf, key)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn iterator_cf(
-        &self,
-        cf: ColumnFamily,
-        iterator_mode: IteratorMode<&[u8]>,
-    ) -> Result<DBIterator> {
-        let iter = {
-            match iterator_mode {
-                IteratorMode::Start => self.0.iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::Start)?,
-                IteratorMode::End => self.0.iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::End)?,
-                IteratorMode::From(start_from, direction) => {
-                    let rocks_direction = match direction {
-                        IteratorDirection::Forward => Direction::Forward,
-                        IteratorDirection::Reverse => Direction::Reverse,
-                    };
-                    self.0
-                        .iterator_cf(cf, RocksIteratorMode::From(start_from, rocks_direction))?
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        Ok(iter)
-    }
-
-    fn raw_iterator_cf(&self, cf: ColumnFamily) -> Result<DBRawIterator> {
-        let raw_iter = self.0.raw_iterator_cf(cf)?;
-
-        Ok(raw_iter)
-    }
-
-    fn batch(&self) -> Result<RWriteBatch> {
-        Ok(RWriteBatch::default())
-    }
-
-    fn write(&self, batch: RWriteBatch) -> Result<()> {
-        self.0.write(batch)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::ShredCode {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::CODE_SHRED_CF;
-    type Index = (u64, u64);
-
-    fn key(index: (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
-        cf::ShredData::key(index)
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
-        cf::ShredData::index(key)
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index.0
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        (slot, 0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::ShredData {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::DATA_SHRED_CF;
-    type Index = (u64, u64);
-
-    fn key((slot, index): (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 16];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..8], slot);
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[8..16], index);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
-        let slot = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8]);
-        let index = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[8..16]);
-        (slot, index)
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index.0
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        (slot, 0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::Index {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::INDEX_CF;
-    type Index = u64;
-
-    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
-        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        slot
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::Index {
-    type Type = crate::blocktree::meta::Index;
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::DeadSlots {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::DEAD_SLOTS_CF;
-    type Index = u64;
-
-    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
-        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        slot
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::DeadSlots {
-    type Type = bool;
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::Orphans {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::ORPHANS_CF;
-    type Index = u64;
-
-    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
-        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        slot
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::Orphans {
-    type Type = bool;
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::Root {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::ROOT_CF;
-    type Index = u64;
-
-    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
-        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        slot
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::Root {
-    type Type = bool;
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::SlotMeta {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::META_CF;
-    type Index = u64;
-
-    fn key(slot: u64) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 8];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..], slot);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> u64 {
-        BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8])
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        slot
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::SlotMeta {
-    type Type = super::SlotMeta;
-}
-
-impl Column<Rocks> for cf::ErasureMeta {
-    const NAME: &'static str = super::ERASURE_META_CF;
-    type Index = (u64, u64);
-
-    fn index(key: &[u8]) -> (u64, u64) {
-        let slot = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[..8]);
-        let set_index = BigEndian::read_u64(&key[8..]);
-
-        (slot, set_index)
-    }
-
-    fn key((slot, set_index): (u64, u64)) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let mut key = vec![0; 16];
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[..8], slot);
-        BigEndian::write_u64(&mut key[8..], set_index);
-        key
-    }
-
-    fn slot(index: Self::Index) -> Slot {
-        index.0
-    }
-
-    fn as_index(slot: Slot) -> Self::Index {
-        (slot, 0)
-    }
-}
-
-impl TypedColumn<Rocks> for cf::ErasureMeta {
-    type Type = super::ErasureMeta;
-}
-
-impl DbCursor<Rocks> for DBRawIterator {
-    fn valid(&self) -> bool {
-        DBRawIterator::valid(self)
-    }
-
-    fn seek(&mut self, key: &[u8]) {
-        DBRawIterator::seek(self, key);
-    }
-
-    fn seek_to_first(&mut self) {
-        DBRawIterator::seek_to_first(self);
-    }
-
-    fn next(&mut self) {
-        DBRawIterator::next(self);
-    }
-
-    fn key(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-        DBRawIterator::key(self)
-    }
-
-    fn value(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-        DBRawIterator::value(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl IWriteBatch<Rocks> for RWriteBatch {
-    fn put_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8], value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        RWriteBatch::put_cf(self, cf, key, value)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn delete_cf(&mut self, cf: ColumnFamily, key: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        RWriteBatch::delete_cf(self, cf, key)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::convert::From<rocksdb::Error> for BlocktreeError {
-    fn from(e: rocksdb::Error) -> BlocktreeError {
-        BlocktreeError::RocksDb(e)
-    }
-}
-
-fn get_cf_options(name: &'static str) -> Options {
-    use crate::blocktree::db::columns::{ErasureMeta, Index, ShredCode, ShredData};
-
-    let mut options = Options::default();
-    match name {
-        ShredCode::NAME | ShredData::NAME | Index::NAME | ErasureMeta::NAME => {
-            // 512MB * 8 = 4GB. 2 of these columns should take no more than 8GB of RAM
-            options.set_max_write_buffer_number(8);
-            options.set_write_buffer_size(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE as usize);
-            options.set_target_file_size_base(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE / 10);
-            options.set_max_bytes_for_level_base(MAX_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
-        }
-        _ => {
-            // We want smaller CFs to flush faster. This results in more WAL files but lowers
-            // overall WAL space utilization and increases flush frequency
-            options.set_write_buffer_size(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE as usize);
-            options.set_target_file_size_base(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
-            options.set_max_bytes_for_level_base(MIN_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE);
-            options.set_level_zero_file_num_compaction_trigger(1);
-        }
-    }
-    options
-}
-
-fn get_db_options() -> Options {
-    let mut options = Options::default();
-    options.create_if_missing(true);
-    options.create_missing_column_families(true);
-    options.increase_parallelism(TOTAL_THREADS);
-    options.set_max_background_flushes(4);
-    options.set_max_background_compactions(4);
-    options
-}
diff --git a/core/src/crds.rs b/core/src/crds.rs
index 7fbe119f0..5da93525b 100644
--- a/core/src/crds.rs
+++ b/core/src/crds.rs
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl Crds {
     }
 
     pub fn remove(&mut self, key: &CrdsValueLabel) {
-        self.table.remove(key);
+        self.table.swap_remove(key);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/core/src/crds_gossip_push.rs b/core/src/crds_gossip_push.rs
index 90a0866db..8f583212e 100644
--- a/core/src/crds_gossip_push.rs
+++ b/core/src/crds_gossip_push.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl CrdsGossipPush {
         keys.shuffle(&mut rand::thread_rng());
         let num = keys.len() / ratio;
         for k in &keys[..num] {
-            self.active_set.remove(k);
+            self.active_set.swap_remove(k);
         }
         for (k, v) in new_items {
             self.active_set.insert(k, v);
diff --git a/programs/bpf/Cargo.lock b/programs/bpf/Cargo.lock
index 8c52d14f5..a042bcc43 100644
--- a/programs/bpf/Cargo.lock
+++ b/programs/bpf/Cargo.lock
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ name = "atty"
 version = "0.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace-sys 0.1.31 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "cfg-if 0.1.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rustc-demangle 0.1.16 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "serde 1.0.101 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ version = "0.1.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cc 1.0.45 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ name = "chrono"
 version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "num-integer 0.1.41 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "num-traits 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "serde 1.0.101 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast 1.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "miniz_oxide 0.3.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if 0.1.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "wasi 0.7.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ name = "iovec"
 version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@ version = "0.1.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.1.12 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -839,7 +839,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.62"
+version = "0.2.64"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 
 [[package]]
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ name = "memmap"
 version = "0.6.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fuchsia-zircon-sys 0.3.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "iovec 0.1.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "kernel32-sys 0.2.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "miow 0.2.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "net2 0.2.33 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ version = "0.2.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if 0.1.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ name = "num_cpus"
 version = "1.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ name = "parking_lot_core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand 0.6.5 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rustc_version 0.2.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "smallvec 0.6.10 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "fuchsia-cprng 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_core 0.3.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rdrand 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg 0.1.6 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_chacha 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_core 0.4.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_hc 0.1.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.1.12 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_chacha 0.2.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_core 0.5.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_hc 0.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@ name = "rand_jitter"
 version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_core 0.4.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cloudabi 0.0.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "fuchsia-cprng 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_core 0.4.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rdrand 0.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1377,7 +1377,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cc 1.0.45 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "lazy_static 1.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "spin 0.5.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "untrusted 0.7.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "web-sys 0.3.27 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1531,7 +1531,7 @@ version = "0.20.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bincode 1.2.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "byteorder 1.3.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "serde 1.0.101 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "solana-logger 0.20.0",
@@ -1694,7 +1694,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "either 1.5.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "failure 0.1.5 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "lazy_static 1.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand_chacha 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "regex-syntax 0.6.12 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "reqwest 0.9.22 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fs_extra 1.1.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "itertools 0.8.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "lazy_static 1.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "libloading 0.5.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "memmap 0.6.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1900,7 +1900,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "combine 2.5.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elfkit 0.0.6 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "hash32 0.1.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "num-traits 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "time 0.1.42 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -1994,7 +1994,7 @@ version = "0.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cc 1.0.45 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2003,7 +2003,7 @@ version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if 0.1.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "rand 0.7.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "redox_syscall 0.1.56 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "remove_dir_all 0.5.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
@@ -2039,7 +2039,7 @@ name = "time"
 version = "0.1.42"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 dependencies = [
- "libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "redox_syscall 0.1.56 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "winapi 0.3.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
 ]
@@ -2589,7 +2589,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "checksum js-sys 0.3.27 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "1efc4f2a556c58e79c5500912e221dd826bec64ff4aabd8ce71ccef6da02d7d4"
 "checksum kernel32-sys 0.2.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "7507624b29483431c0ba2d82aece8ca6cdba9382bff4ddd0f7490560c056098d"
 "checksum lazy_static 1.4.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
-"checksum libc 0.2.62 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "34fcd2c08d2f832f376f4173a231990fa5aef4e99fb569867318a227ef4c06ba"
+"checksum libc 0.2.64 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "74dfca3d9957906e8d1e6a0b641dc9a59848e793f1da2165889fd4f62d10d79c"
 "checksum libloading 0.5.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "f2b111a074963af1d37a139918ac6d49ad1d0d5e47f72fd55388619691a7d753"
 "checksum lock_api 0.1.5 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "62ebf1391f6acad60e5c8b43706dde4582df75c06698ab44511d15016bc2442c"
 "checksum log 0.4.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "14b6052be84e6b71ab17edffc2eeabf5c2c3ae1fdb464aae35ac50c67a44e1f7"