solana/ledger-tool/src/main.rs

use clap::{
    crate_description, crate_name, value_t, value_t_or_exit, values_t_or_exit, App, Arg,
    ArgMatches, SubCommand,
};
use histogram;
use serde_json::json;
use solana_ledger::{
    bank_forks::{BankForks, SnapshotConfig},
    bank_forks_utils,
    blockstore::Blockstore,
    blockstore_db::{self, Column, Database},
    blockstore_processor::{BankForksInfo, ProcessOptions},
    rooted_slot_iterator::RootedSlotIterator,
    snapshot_utils,
};
use solana_sdk::{
    clock::Slot, genesis_config::GenesisConfig, native_token::lamports_to_sol,
    program_utils::limited_deserialize, pubkey::Pubkey, shred_version::compute_shred_version,
};
use solana_vote_program::vote_state::VoteState;
use std::{
    collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet},
    ffi::OsStr,
    fs::{self, File},
    io::{self, stdout, Write},
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    process::{exit, Command, Stdio},
    str::FromStr,
};

#[derive(PartialEq)]
enum LedgerOutputMethod {
    Print,
    Json,
}

fn output_slot(blockstore: &Blockstore, slot: Slot, method: &LedgerOutputMethod) {
    println!("Slot Meta {:?}", blockstore.meta(slot));
    let entries = blockstore
        .get_slot_entries(slot, 0, None)
        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
            eprintln!("Failed to load entries for slot {}: {:?}", slot, err);
            exit(1);
        });

    for (entry_index, entry) in entries.iter().enumerate() {
        match method {
            LedgerOutputMethod::Print => {
                println!(
                    "  Entry {} - num_hashes: {}, hashes: {}, transactions: {}",
                    entry_index,
                    entry.num_hashes,
                    entry.hash,
                    entry.transactions.len()
                );
                for (transactions_index, transaction) in entry.transactions.iter().enumerate() {
                    let message = &transaction.message;
                    println!("    Transaction {}", transactions_index);
                    println!("      Recent Blockhash: {:?}", message.recent_blockhash);
                    for (signature_index, signature) in transaction.signatures.iter().enumerate() {
                        println!("      Signature {}: {:?}", signature_index, signature);
                    }
                    println!("      Header: {:?}", message.header);
                    for (account_index, account) in message.account_keys.iter().enumerate() {
                        println!("      Account {}: {:?}", account_index, account);
                    }
                    for (instruction_index, instruction) in message.instructions.iter().enumerate()
                    {
                        let program_pubkey =
                            message.account_keys[instruction.program_id_index as usize];
                        println!("      Instruction {}", instruction_index);
                        println!(
                            "        Program: {} ({})",
                            program_pubkey, instruction.program_id_index
                        );
                        for (account_index, account) in instruction.accounts.iter().enumerate() {
                            let account_pubkey = message.account_keys[*account as usize];
                            println!(
                                "        Account {}: {} ({})",
                                account_index, account_pubkey, account
                            );
                        }

                        let mut raw = true;
                        if program_pubkey == solana_vote_program::id() {
                            if let Ok(vote_instruction) =
                                limited_deserialize::<
                                    solana_vote_program::vote_instruction::VoteInstruction,
                                >(&instruction.data)
                            {
                                println!("        {:?}", vote_instruction);
                                raw = false;
                            }
                        } else if program_pubkey == solana_sdk::system_program::id() {
                            if let Ok(system_instruction) =
                                limited_deserialize::<
                                    solana_sdk::system_instruction::SystemInstruction,
                                >(&instruction.data)
                            {
                                println!("        {:?}", system_instruction);
                                raw = false;
                            }
                        }

                        if raw {
                            println!("        Data: {:?}", instruction.data);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            LedgerOutputMethod::Json => {
                serde_json::to_writer(stdout(), &entry).expect("serialize entry");
                stdout().write_all(b",\n").expect("newline");
            }
        }
    }
}

fn output_ledger(blockstore: Blockstore, starting_slot: Slot, method: LedgerOutputMethod) {
    let rooted_slot_iterator =
        RootedSlotIterator::new(starting_slot, &blockstore).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
            eprintln!(
                "Failed to load entries starting from slot {}: {:?}",
                starting_slot, err
            );
            exit(1);
        });

    if method == LedgerOutputMethod::Json {
        stdout().write_all(b"{\"ledger\":[\n").expect("open array");
    }

    for (slot, slot_meta) in rooted_slot_iterator {
        match method {
            LedgerOutputMethod::Print => println!("Slot {}", slot),
            LedgerOutputMethod::Json => {
                serde_json::to_writer(stdout(), &slot_meta).expect("serialize slot_meta");
                stdout().write_all(b",\n").expect("newline");
            }
        }

        output_slot(&blockstore, slot, &method);
    }

    if method == LedgerOutputMethod::Json {
        stdout().write_all(b"\n]}\n").expect("close array");
    }
}

fn render_dot(dot: String, output_file: &str, output_format: &str) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut child = Command::new("dot")
        .arg(format!("-T{}", output_format))
        .arg(format!("-o{}", output_file))
        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
        .spawn()
        .map_err(|err| {
            eprintln!("Failed to spawn dot: {:?}", err);
            err
        })?;

    let stdin = child.stdin.as_mut().unwrap();
    stdin.write_all(&dot.into_bytes())?;

    let status = child.wait_with_output()?.status;
    if !status.success() {
        return Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::Other,
            format!("dot failed with error {}", status.code().unwrap_or(-1)),
        ));
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
fn graph_forks(
    bank_forks: &BankForks,
    bank_forks_info: &[BankForksInfo],
    include_all_votes: bool,
) -> String {
    // Search all forks and collect the last vote made by each validator
    let mut last_votes = HashMap::new();
    for bfi in bank_forks_info {
        let bank = bank_forks.banks.get(&bfi.bank_slot).unwrap();

        let total_stake = bank
            .vote_accounts()
            .iter()
            .fold(0, |acc, (_, (stake, _))| acc + stake);
        for (_, (stake, vote_account)) in bank.vote_accounts() {
            let vote_state = VoteState::from(&vote_account).unwrap_or_default();
            if let Some(last_vote) = vote_state.votes.iter().last() {
                let entry = last_votes.entry(vote_state.node_pubkey).or_insert((
                    last_vote.slot,
                    vote_state.clone(),
                    stake,
                    total_stake,
                ));
                if entry.0 < last_vote.slot {
                    *entry = (last_vote.slot, vote_state, stake, total_stake);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Figure the stake distribution at all the nodes containing the last vote from each
    // validator
    let mut slot_stake_and_vote_count = HashMap::new();
    for (last_vote_slot, _, stake, total_stake) in last_votes.values() {
        let entry = slot_stake_and_vote_count
            .entry(last_vote_slot)
            .or_insert((0, 0, *total_stake));
        entry.0 += 1;
        entry.1 += stake;
        assert_eq!(entry.2, *total_stake)
    }

    let mut dot = vec!["digraph {".to_string()];

    // Build a subgraph consisting of all banks and links to their parent banks
    dot.push("  subgraph cluster_banks {".to_string());
    dot.push("    style=invis".to_string());
    let mut styled_slots = HashSet::new();
    let mut all_votes: HashMap<Pubkey, HashMap<Slot, VoteState>> = HashMap::new();
    for bfi in bank_forks_info {
        let bank = bank_forks.banks.get(&bfi.bank_slot).unwrap();
        let mut bank = bank.clone();

        let mut first = true;
        loop {
            for (_, (_, vote_account)) in bank.vote_accounts() {
                let vote_state = VoteState::from(&vote_account).unwrap_or_default();
                if let Some(last_vote) = vote_state.votes.iter().last() {
                    let validator_votes = all_votes.entry(vote_state.node_pubkey).or_default();
                    validator_votes
                        .entry(last_vote.slot)
                        .or_insert_with(|| vote_state.clone());
                }
            }

            if !styled_slots.contains(&bank.slot()) {
                dot.push(format!(
                    r#"    "{}"[label="{} (epoch {})\nleader: {}{}{}",style="{}{}"];"#,
                    bank.slot(),
                    bank.slot(),
                    bank.epoch(),
                    bank.collector_id(),
                    if let Some(parent) = bank.parent() {
                        format!(
                            "\ntransactions: {}",
                            bank.transaction_count() - parent.transaction_count(),
                        )
                    } else {
                        "".to_string()
                    },
                    if let Some((votes, stake, total_stake)) =
                        slot_stake_and_vote_count.get(&bank.slot())
                    {
                        format!(
                            "\nvotes: {}, stake: {:.1} SOL ({:.1}%)",
                            votes,
                            lamports_to_sol(*stake),
                            *stake as f64 / *total_stake as f64 * 100.,
                        )
                    } else {
                        "".to_string()
                    },
                    if first { "filled," } else { "" },
                    ""
                ));
                styled_slots.insert(bank.slot());
            }
            first = false;

            match bank.parent() {
                None => {
                    if bank.slot() > 0 {
                        dot.push(format!(r#"    "{}" -> "..." [dir=back]"#, bank.slot(),));
                    }
                    break;
                }
                Some(parent) => {
                    let slot_distance = bank.slot() - parent.slot();
                    let penwidth = if bank.epoch() > parent.epoch() {
                        "5"
                    } else {
                        "1"
                    };
                    let link_label = if slot_distance > 1 {
                        format!("label=\"{} slots\",color=red", slot_distance)
                    } else {
                        "color=blue".to_string()
                    };
                    dot.push(format!(
                        r#"    "{}" -> "{}"[{},dir=back,penwidth={}];"#,
                        bank.slot(),
                        parent.slot(),
                        link_label,
                        penwidth
                    ));

                    bank = parent.clone();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    dot.push("  }".to_string());

    // Strafe the banks with links from validators to the bank they last voted on,
    // while collecting information about the absent votes and stakes
    let mut absent_stake = 0;
    let mut absent_votes = 0;
    let mut lowest_last_vote_slot = std::u64::MAX;
    let mut lowest_total_stake = 0;
    for (node_pubkey, (last_vote_slot, vote_state, stake, total_stake)) in &last_votes {
        all_votes.entry(*node_pubkey).and_modify(|validator_votes| {
            validator_votes.remove(&last_vote_slot);
        });

        dot.push(format!(
            r#"  "last vote {}"[shape=box,label="Latest validator vote: {}\nstake: {} SOL\nroot slot: {}\nvote history:\n{}"];"#,
            node_pubkey,
            node_pubkey,
            lamports_to_sol(*stake),
            vote_state.root_slot.unwrap_or(0),
            vote_state
                .votes
                .iter()
                .map(|vote| format!("slot {} (conf={})", vote.slot, vote.confirmation_count))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                .join("\n")
        ));

        dot.push(format!(
            r#"  "last vote {}" -> "{}" [style=dashed,label="latest vote"];"#,
            node_pubkey,
            if styled_slots.contains(&last_vote_slot) {
                last_vote_slot.to_string()
            } else {
                if *last_vote_slot < lowest_last_vote_slot {
                    lowest_last_vote_slot = *last_vote_slot;
                    lowest_total_stake = *total_stake;
                }
                absent_votes += 1;
                absent_stake += stake;

                "...".to_string()
            },
        ));
    }

    // Annotate the final "..." node with absent vote and stake information
    if absent_votes > 0 {
        dot.push(format!(
            r#"    "..."[label="...\nvotes: {}, stake: {:.1} SOL {:.1}%"];"#,
            absent_votes,
            lamports_to_sol(absent_stake),
            absent_stake as f64 / lowest_total_stake as f64 * 100.,
        ));
    }

    // Add for vote information from all banks.
    if include_all_votes {
        for (node_pubkey, validator_votes) in &all_votes {
            for (vote_slot, vote_state) in validator_votes {
                dot.push(format!(
                    r#"  "{} vote {}"[shape=box,style=dotted,label="validator vote: {}\nroot slot: {}\nvote history:\n{}"];"#,
                    node_pubkey,
                    vote_slot,
                    node_pubkey,
                    vote_state.root_slot.unwrap_or(0),
                    vote_state
                        .votes
                        .iter()
                        .map(|vote| format!("slot {} (conf={})", vote.slot, vote.confirmation_count))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                        .join("\n")
                ));

                dot.push(format!(
                    r#"  "{} vote {}" -> "{}" [style=dotted,label="vote"];"#,
                    node_pubkey,
                    vote_slot,
                    if styled_slots.contains(&vote_slot) {
                        vote_slot.to_string()
                    } else {
                        "...".to_string()
                    },
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    dot.push("}".to_string());
    dot.join("\n")
}

fn analyze_column<
    T: solana_ledger::blockstore_db::Column + solana_ledger::blockstore_db::ColumnName,
>(
    db: &Database,
    name: &str,
    key_size: usize,
) -> Result<(), String> {
    let mut key_tot: u64 = 0;
    let mut val_hist = histogram::Histogram::new();
    let mut val_tot: u64 = 0;
    let mut row_hist = histogram::Histogram::new();
    let a = key_size as u64;
    for (_x, y) in db.iter::<T>(blockstore_db::IteratorMode::Start).unwrap() {
        let b = y.len() as u64;
        key_tot += a;
        val_hist.increment(b).unwrap();
        val_tot += b;
        row_hist.increment(a + b).unwrap();
    }

    let json_result = if val_hist.entries() > 0 {
        json!({
            "column":name,
            "entries":val_hist.entries(),
            "key_stats":{
                "max":a,
                "total_bytes":key_tot,
            },
            "val_stats":{
                "p50":val_hist.percentile(50.0).unwrap(),
                "p90":val_hist.percentile(90.0).unwrap(),
                "p99":val_hist.percentile(99.0).unwrap(),
                "p999":val_hist.percentile(99.9).unwrap(),
                "min":val_hist.minimum().unwrap(),
                "max":val_hist.maximum().unwrap(),
                "stddev":val_hist.stddev().unwrap(),
                "total_bytes":val_tot,
            },
            "row_stats":{
                "p50":row_hist.percentile(50.0).unwrap(),
                "p90":row_hist.percentile(90.0).unwrap(),
                "p99":row_hist.percentile(99.0).unwrap(),
                "p999":row_hist.percentile(99.9).unwrap(),
                "min":row_hist.minimum().unwrap(),
                "max":row_hist.maximum().unwrap(),
                "stddev":row_hist.stddev().unwrap(),
                "total_bytes":key_tot + val_tot,
            },
        })
    } else {
        json!({
        "column":name,
        "entries":val_hist.entries(),
        "key_stats":{
            "max":a,
            "total_bytes":0,
        },
        "val_stats":{
            "total_bytes":0,
        },
        "row_stats":{
            "total_bytes":0,
        },
        })
    };

    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json_result).unwrap());

    Ok(())
}

fn analyze_storage(database: &Database) -> Result<(), String> {
    use blockstore_db::columns::*;
    analyze_column::<SlotMeta>(database, "SlotMeta", SlotMeta::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<Orphans>(database, "Orphans", Orphans::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<DeadSlots>(database, "DeadSlots", DeadSlots::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<ErasureMeta>(database, "ErasureMeta", ErasureMeta::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<Root>(database, "Root", Root::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<Index>(database, "Index", Index::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<ShredData>(database, "ShredData", ShredData::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<ShredCode>(database, "ShredCode", ShredCode::key_size())?;
    analyze_column::<TransactionStatus>(
        database,
        "TransactionStatus",
        TransactionStatus::key_size(),
    )?;

    Ok(())
}

fn open_genesis_config(ledger_path: &Path) -> GenesisConfig {
    GenesisConfig::load(&ledger_path).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
        eprintln!(
            "Failed to open ledger genesis_config at {:?}: {}",
            ledger_path, err
        );
        exit(1);
    })
}

fn open_blockstore(ledger_path: &Path) -> Blockstore {
    match Blockstore::open(ledger_path) {
        Ok(blockstore) => blockstore,
        Err(err) => {
            eprintln!("Failed to open ledger at {:?}: {:?}", ledger_path, err);
            exit(1);
        }
    }
}

fn open_database(ledger_path: &Path) -> Database {
    match Database::open(&ledger_path.join("rocksdb")) {
        Ok(database) => database,
        Err(err) => {
            eprintln!("Unable to read the Ledger rocksdb: {:?}", err);
            exit(1);
        }
    }
}

// This function is duplicated in validator/src/main.rs...
fn hardforks_of(matches: &ArgMatches<'_>, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<Slot>> {
    if matches.is_present(name) {
        Some(values_t_or_exit!(matches, name, Slot))
    } else {
        None
    }
}

fn load_bank_forks(
    arg_matches: &ArgMatches,
    ledger_path: &PathBuf,
    genesis_config: &GenesisConfig,
    process_options: ProcessOptions,
) -> bank_forks_utils::LoadResult {
    let snapshot_config = if arg_matches.is_present("no_snapshot") {
        None
    } else {
        Some(SnapshotConfig {
            snapshot_interval_slots: 0, // Value doesn't matter
            snapshot_package_output_path: ledger_path.clone(),
            snapshot_path: ledger_path.clone().join("snapshot"),
            trusted_validators: None,
        })
    };
    let account_paths = if let Some(account_paths) = arg_matches.value_of("account_paths") {
        account_paths.split(',').map(PathBuf::from).collect()
    } else {
        vec![ledger_path.join("accounts")]
    };

    bank_forks_utils::load(
        &genesis_config,
        &open_blockstore(&ledger_path),
        account_paths,
        snapshot_config.as_ref(),
        process_options,
    )
}

#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
fn main() {
    const DEFAULT_ROOT_COUNT: &str = "1";
    solana_logger::setup_with_default("solana=info");

    let starting_slot_arg = Arg::with_name("starting_slot")
        .long("starting-slot")
        .value_name("NUM")
        .takes_value(true)
        .default_value("0")
        .help("Start at this slot");
    let no_snapshot_arg = Arg::with_name("no_snapshot")
        .long("no-snapshot")
        .takes_value(false)
        .help("Do not start from a local snapshot if present");
    let account_paths_arg = Arg::with_name("account_paths")
        .long("accounts")
        .value_name("PATHS")
        .takes_value(true)
        .help("Comma separated persistent accounts location");
    let halt_at_slot_arg = Arg::with_name("halt_at_slot")
        .long("halt-at-slot")
        .value_name("SLOT")
        .takes_value(true)
        .help("Halt processing at the given slot");
    let hard_forks_arg = Arg::with_name("hard_forks")
        .long("hard-fork")
        .value_name("SLOT")
        .multiple(true)
        .takes_value(true)
        .help("Add a hard fork at this slot");

    let matches = App::new(crate_name!())
        .about(crate_description!())
        .version(solana_clap_utils::version!())
        .arg(
            Arg::with_name("ledger_path")
                .short("l")
                .long("ledger")
                .value_name("DIR")
                .takes_value(true)
                .global(true)
                .help("Use DIR for ledger location"),
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("print")
            .about("Print the ledger")
            .arg(&starting_slot_arg)
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("print-slot")
            .about("Print the contents of one or more slots")
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("slots")
                    .index(1)
                    .value_name("SLOTS")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .multiple(true)
                    .required(true)
                    .help("List of slots to print"),
            )
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("genesis")
            .about("Prints the ledger's genesis config")
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("genesis-hash")
            .about("Prints the ledger's genesis hash")
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("shred-version")
            .about("Prints the ledger's shred hash")
            .arg(&hard_forks_arg)
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("bounds")
            .about("Print lowest and highest non-empty slots. Note that there may be empty slots within the bounds")
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("all")
                    .long("all")
                    .takes_value(false)
                    .required(false)
                    .help("Additionally print all the non-empty slots within the bounds"),
            )
        ).subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("json")
            .about("Print the ledger in JSON format")
            .arg(&starting_slot_arg)
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("verify")
            .about("Verify the ledger")
            .arg(&no_snapshot_arg)
            .arg(&account_paths_arg)
            .arg(&halt_at_slot_arg)
            .arg(&hard_forks_arg)
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("skip_poh_verify")
                    .long("skip-poh-verify")
                    .takes_value(false)
                    .help("Skip ledger PoH verification"),
            )
        ).subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("graph")
            .about("Create a Graphviz rendering of the ledger")
            .arg(&no_snapshot_arg)
            .arg(&account_paths_arg)
            .arg(&halt_at_slot_arg)
            .arg(&hard_forks_arg)
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("include_all_votes")
                    .long("include-all-votes")
                    .help("Include all votes in the graph"),
            )
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("graph_filename")
                    .index(1)
                    .value_name("FILENAME")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .help("Output file"),
            )
        ).subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("create-snapshot")
            .about("Create a new ledger snapshot")
            .arg(&no_snapshot_arg)
            .arg(&account_paths_arg)
            .arg(&hard_forks_arg)
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("snapshot_slot")
                    .index(1)
                    .value_name("SLOT")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .help("Slot at which to create the snapshot"),
            )
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("output_directory")
                    .index(2)
                    .value_name("DIR")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .help("Output directory for the snapshot"),
            )
        ).subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("print-accounts")
            .about("Print account contents after processing in the ledger")
            .arg(&no_snapshot_arg)
            .arg(&account_paths_arg)
            .arg(&halt_at_slot_arg)
            .arg(&hard_forks_arg)
        ).subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("prune")
            .about("Prune the ledger at the block height")
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("slot_list")
                    .long("slot-list")
                    .value_name("FILENAME")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .required(true)
                    .help("The location of the YAML file with a list of rollback slot heights and hashes"),
            )
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("list-roots")
            .about("Output upto last <num-roots> root hashes and their heights starting at the given block height")
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("max_height")
                    .long("max-height")
                    .value_name("NUM")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .required(true)
                    .help("Maximum block height")
            )
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("slot_list")
                    .long("slot-list")
                    .value_name("FILENAME")
                    .required(false)
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .help("The location of the output YAML file. A list of rollback slot heights and hashes will be written to the file.")
            )
            .arg(
                Arg::with_name("num_roots")
                    .long("num-roots")
                    .value_name("NUM")
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .default_value(DEFAULT_ROOT_COUNT)
                    .required(false)
                    .help("Number of roots in the output"),
            )
        )
        .subcommand(
            SubCommand::with_name("analyze-storage")
                .about("Output statistics in JSON format about all column families in the ledger rocksDB")
        )
        .get_matches();

    let ledger_path = PathBuf::from(value_t_or_exit!(matches, "ledger_path", String));

    // Canonicalize ledger path to avoid issues with symlink creation
    let ledger_path = fs::canonicalize(&ledger_path).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
        eprintln!("Unable to access ledger path: {:?}", err);
        exit(1);
    });

    match matches.subcommand() {
        ("print", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let starting_slot = value_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "starting_slot", Slot);
            output_ledger(
                open_blockstore(&ledger_path),
                starting_slot,
                LedgerOutputMethod::Print,
            );
        }
        ("genesis", Some(_arg_matches)) => {
            println!("{}", open_genesis_config(&ledger_path));
        }
        ("genesis-hash", Some(_arg_matches)) => {
            println!("{}", open_genesis_config(&ledger_path).hash());
        }
        ("shred-version", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let process_options = ProcessOptions {
                dev_halt_at_slot: Some(0),
                new_hard_forks: hardforks_of(arg_matches, "hard_forks"),
                poh_verify: false,
                ..ProcessOptions::default()
            };
            let genesis_config = open_genesis_config(&ledger_path);
            match load_bank_forks(arg_matches, &ledger_path, &genesis_config, process_options) {
                Ok((bank_forks, bank_forks_info, _leader_schedule_cache, _snapshot_hash)) => {
                    let bank_info = &bank_forks_info[0];
                    let bank = bank_forks[bank_info.bank_slot].clone();

                    println!(
                        "{}",
                        compute_shred_version(
                            &genesis_config.hash(),
                            Some(&bank.hard_forks().read().unwrap())
                        )
                    );
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    eprintln!("Failed to load ledger: {:?}", err);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
        ("print-slot", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let slots = values_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "slots", Slot);
            for slot in slots {
                println!("Slot {}", slot);
                output_slot(
                    &open_blockstore(&ledger_path),
                    slot,
                    &LedgerOutputMethod::Print,
                );
            }
        }
        ("json", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let starting_slot = value_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "starting_slot", Slot);
            output_ledger(
                open_blockstore(&ledger_path),
                starting_slot,
                LedgerOutputMethod::Json,
            );
        }
        ("verify", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let process_options = ProcessOptions {
                dev_halt_at_slot: value_t!(arg_matches, "halt_at_slot", Slot).ok(),
                new_hard_forks: hardforks_of(arg_matches, "hard_forks"),
                poh_verify: !arg_matches.is_present("skip_poh_verify"),
                ..ProcessOptions::default()
            };
            println!("{}", open_genesis_config(&ledger_path).hash());

            load_bank_forks(
                arg_matches,
                &ledger_path,
                &open_genesis_config(&ledger_path),
                process_options,
            )
            .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                eprintln!("Ledger verification failed: {:?}", err);
                exit(1);
            });
            println!("Ok");
        }
        ("graph", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let output_file = value_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "graph_filename", String);

            let process_options = ProcessOptions {
                dev_halt_at_slot: value_t!(arg_matches, "halt_at_slot", Slot).ok(),
                new_hard_forks: hardforks_of(arg_matches, "hard_forks"),
                poh_verify: false,
                ..ProcessOptions::default()
            };

            match load_bank_forks(
                arg_matches,
                &ledger_path,
                &open_genesis_config(&ledger_path),
                process_options,
            ) {
                Ok((bank_forks, bank_forks_info, _leader_schedule_cache, _snapshot_hash)) => {
                    let dot = graph_forks(
                        &bank_forks,
                        &bank_forks_info,
                        arg_matches.is_present("include_all_votes"),
                    );

                    let extension = Path::new(&output_file).extension();
                    let result = if extension == Some(OsStr::new("pdf")) {
                        render_dot(dot, &output_file, "pdf")
                    } else if extension == Some(OsStr::new("png")) {
                        render_dot(dot, &output_file, "png")
                    } else {
                        File::create(&output_file)
                            .and_then(|mut file| file.write_all(&dot.into_bytes()))
                    };

                    match result {
                        Ok(_) => println!("Wrote {}", output_file),
                        Err(err) => eprintln!("Unable to write {}: {}", output_file, err),
                    }
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    eprintln!("Failed to load ledger: {:?}", err);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
        ("create-snapshot", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let snapshot_slot = value_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "snapshot_slot", Slot);
            let output_directory = value_t_or_exit!(arg_matches, "output_directory", String);

            let process_options = ProcessOptions {
                dev_halt_at_slot: Some(snapshot_slot),
                new_hard_forks: hardforks_of(arg_matches, "hard_forks"),
                poh_verify: false,
                ..ProcessOptions::default()
            };
            let genesis_config = open_genesis_config(&ledger_path);
            match load_bank_forks(arg_matches, &ledger_path, &genesis_config, process_options) {
                Ok((bank_forks, _bank_forks_info, _leader_schedule_cache, _snapshot_hash)) => {
                    let bank = bank_forks.get(snapshot_slot).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        eprintln!("Error: Slot {} is not available", snapshot_slot);
                        exit(1);
                    });

                    println!("Creating a snapshot of slot {}", bank.slot());
                    bank.squash();

                    let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                        eprintln!("Unable to create temporary directory: {}", err);
                        exit(1);
                    });

                    let storages: Vec<_> = bank.get_snapshot_storages();
                    snapshot_utils::add_snapshot(&temp_dir, &bank, &storages)
                        .and_then(|slot_snapshot_paths| {
                            snapshot_utils::package_snapshot(
                                &bank,
                                &slot_snapshot_paths,
                                snapshot_utils::get_snapshot_archive_path(output_directory),
                                &temp_dir,
                                &bank.src.roots(),
                                storages,
                            )
                        })
                        .and_then(|package| {
                            snapshot_utils::archive_snapshot_package(&package).map(|ok| {
                                println!(
                                    "Successfully created snapshot for slot {}: {:?}",
                                    snapshot_slot, package.tar_output_file
                                );
                                println!(
                                    "Shred version: {}",
                                    compute_shred_version(
                                        &genesis_config.hash(),
                                        Some(&bank.hard_forks().read().unwrap())
                                    )
                                );
                                ok
                            })
                        })
                        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                            eprintln!("Unable to create snapshot archive: {}", err);
                            exit(1);
                        });
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    eprintln!("Failed to load ledger: {:?}", err);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
        ("print-accounts", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let dev_halt_at_slot = value_t!(arg_matches, "halt_at_slot", Slot).ok();
            let process_options = ProcessOptions {
                dev_halt_at_slot,
                new_hard_forks: hardforks_of(arg_matches, "hard_forks"),
                poh_verify: false,
                ..ProcessOptions::default()
            };
            let genesis_config = open_genesis_config(&ledger_path);
            match load_bank_forks(arg_matches, &ledger_path, &genesis_config, process_options) {
                Ok((bank_forks, bank_forks_info, _leader_schedule_cache, _snapshot_hash)) => {
                    let slot = dev_halt_at_slot.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        if bank_forks_info.len() > 1 {
                            eprintln!("Error: multiple forks present");
                            exit(1);
                        }
                        bank_forks_info[0].bank_slot
                    });

                    let bank = bank_forks.get(slot).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                        eprintln!("Error: Slot {} is not available", slot);
                        exit(1);
                    });

                    let accounts: Vec<_> = bank
                        .get_program_accounts(None)
                        .into_iter()
                        .filter(|(pubkey, _account)| !solana_sdk::sysvar::is_sysvar_id(pubkey))
                        .collect();

                    println!("---");
                    for (pubkey, account) in accounts.into_iter() {
                        println!("{}:", pubkey);
                        println!("  - lamports: {}", account.lamports);
                        println!("  - owner: '{}'", account.owner);
                        println!("  - executable: {}", account.executable);
                        println!("  - data: '{}'", bs58::encode(account.data).into_string());
                    }
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    eprintln!("Failed to load ledger: {:?}", err);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
        ("prune", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            if let Some(prune_file_path) = arg_matches.value_of("slot_list") {
                let blockstore = open_blockstore(&ledger_path);
                let prune_file = File::open(prune_file_path.to_string()).unwrap();
                let slot_hashes: BTreeMap<u64, String> =
                    serde_yaml::from_reader(prune_file).unwrap();

                let iter =
                    RootedSlotIterator::new(0, &blockstore).expect("Failed to get rooted slot");

                let potential_hashes: Vec<_> = iter
                    .filter_map(|(slot, _meta)| {
                        let blockhash = blockstore
                            .get_slot_entries(slot, 0, None)
                            .unwrap()
                            .last()
                            .unwrap()
                            .hash
                            .to_string();

                        slot_hashes.get(&slot).and_then(|hash| {
                            if *hash == blockhash {
                                Some((slot, blockhash))
                            } else {
                                None
                            }
                        })
                    })
                    .collect();

                let (target_slot, target_hash) = potential_hashes
                    .last()
                    .expect("Failed to find a valid slot");
                println!("Prune at slot {:?} hash {:?}", target_slot, target_hash);
                blockstore.prune(*target_slot);
            }
        }
        ("list-roots", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            let blockstore = open_blockstore(&ledger_path);
            let max_height = if let Some(height) = arg_matches.value_of("max_height") {
                usize::from_str(height).expect("Maximum height must be a number")
            } else {
                panic!("Maximum height must be provided");
            };
            let num_roots = if let Some(roots) = arg_matches.value_of("num_roots") {
                usize::from_str(roots).expect("Number of roots must be a number")
            } else {
                usize::from_str(DEFAULT_ROOT_COUNT).unwrap()
            };

            let iter = RootedSlotIterator::new(0, &blockstore).expect("Failed to get rooted slot");

            let slot_hash: Vec<_> = iter
                .filter_map(|(slot, _meta)| {
                    if slot <= max_height as u64 {
                        let blockhash = blockstore
                            .get_slot_entries(slot, 0, None)
                            .unwrap()
                            .last()
                            .unwrap()
                            .hash;
                        Some((slot, blockhash))
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                })
                .collect();

            let mut output_file: Box<dyn Write> =
                if let Some(path) = arg_matches.value_of("slot_list") {
                    match File::create(path) {
                        Ok(file) => Box::new(file),
                        _ => Box::new(stdout()),
                    }
                } else {
                    Box::new(stdout())
                };

            slot_hash
                .into_iter()
                .rev()
                .enumerate()
                .for_each(|(i, (slot, hash))| {
                    if i < num_roots {
                        output_file
                            .write_all(format!("{:?}: {:?}\n", slot, hash).as_bytes())
                            .expect("failed to write");
                    }
                });
        }
        ("bounds", Some(arg_matches)) => {
            match open_blockstore(&ledger_path).slot_meta_iterator(0) {
                Ok(metas) => {
                    let all = arg_matches.is_present("all");

                    println!("Collecting Ledger information...");
                    let slots: Vec<_> = metas.map(|(slot, _)| slot).collect();
                    if slots.is_empty() {
                        println!("Ledger is empty. No slots found.");
                    } else {
                        let first = slots.first().unwrap();
                        let last = slots.last().unwrap_or_else(|| first);
                        if first != last {
                            println!("Ledger contains data from slots {:?} to {:?}", first, last);
                            if all {
                                println!("Non-empty slots: {:?}", slots);
                            }
                        } else {
                            println!("Ledger only contains some data for slot {:?}", first);
                        }
                    }
                }
                Err(err) => {
                    eprintln!("Unable to read the Ledger: {:?}", err);
                    exit(1);
                }
            }
        }
        ("analyze-storage", _) => match analyze_storage(&open_database(&ledger_path)) {
            Ok(()) => {
                println!("Ok.");
            }
            Err(err) => {
                eprintln!("Unable to read the Ledger: {:?}", err);
                exit(1);
            }
        },
        ("", _) => {
            eprintln!("{}", matches.usage());
            exit(1);
        }
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
}