521 lines
75 KiB
HTML
521 lines
75 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
|
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js ayu">
|
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
<title>Relayer Module - Wormhole Development Book</title>
|
|
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
|
|
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
|
|
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="../../favicon.svg">
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../favicon.png">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/variables.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/general.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/chrome.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/print.css" media="print">
|
|
<!-- Fonts -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../fonts/fonts.css">
|
|
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../highlight.css">
|
|
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var path_to_root = "../../";
|
|
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "ayu";
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
try {
|
|
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
|
|
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
|
|
|
|
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
|
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
|
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
|
|
}
|
|
} catch (e) { }
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var theme;
|
|
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
|
|
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|
html.classList.remove('no-js')
|
|
html.classList.remove('ayu')
|
|
html.classList.add(theme);
|
|
html.classList.add('js');
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|
var sidebar = 'hidden';
|
|
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
|
|
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch (e) { }
|
|
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
|
|
}
|
|
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
|
|
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
|
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
|
<a href="/" class="logo">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 600 110" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<clipPath id="__lottie_element_594">
|
|
<rect width="600" height="110" x="0" y="0"></rect>
|
|
</clipPath>
|
|
<mask id="__lottie_element_596">
|
|
<path fill="#ffffff" clip-rule="nonzero"
|
|
d="M0,0 h600 v110 h-600 v-110 M0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 C0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 C0,-0.014000000432133675 0,0.9950000047683716 0,0.9950000047683716 C0,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 C0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675"
|
|
fill-opacity="1"></path>
|
|
</mask>
|
|
<filter id="__lottie_element_597">
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
</filter>
|
|
<mask id="__lottie_element_599">
|
|
<path fill="#ffffff" clip-rule="nonzero"
|
|
d="M0,0 h600 v110 h-600 v-110 M0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 C0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 C0,-0.014000000432133675 0,0.9950000047683716 0,0.9950000047683716 C0,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 C0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675"
|
|
fill-opacity="1"></path>
|
|
</mask>
|
|
<filter id="__lottie_element_600">
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
</filter>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<g clip-path="url(#__lottie_element_594)">
|
|
<g mask="url(#__lottie_element_596)" filter="url(#__lottie_element_597)"
|
|
transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,6.5,3)" opacity="1" style="display: block;">
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,51.62099838256836,51.57899856567383)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,51.57899856567383 C-13.680000305175781,51.56999969482422 -26.79800033569336,46.13399887084961 -36.47600173950195,36.46500015258789 C-46.15299987792969,26.79599952697754 -51.599998474121094,13.682999610900879 -51.62099838256836,0.003000000026077032 C-51.599998474121094,-13.678000450134277 -46.15299987792969,-26.79199981689453 -36.47600173950195,-36.46200180053711 C-26.798999786376953,-46.13100051879883 -13.680999755859375,-51.56800079345703 0,-51.57899856567383 C13.680999755859375,-51.56800079345703 26.798999786376953,-46.13100051879883 36.47600173950195,-36.46200180053711 C46.15399932861328,-26.79199981689453 51.599998474121094,-13.678000450134277 51.62099838256836,0.003000000026077032 C51.599998474121094,13.682999610900879 46.15299987792969,26.79599952697754 36.47600173950195,36.46500015258789 C26.79800033569336,46.13399887084961 13.680000305175781,51.56999969482422 0,51.57899856567383z M0,-47.608001708984375 C-12.628000259399414,-47.5989990234375 -24.73699951171875,-42.582000732421875 -33.66999816894531,-33.65599822998047 C-42.60300064086914,-24.729999542236328 -47.63100051879883,-12.625 -47.650001525878906,0.003000000026077032 C-47.63800048828125,12.631999969482422 -42.61199951171875,24.740999221801758 -33.676998138427734,33.66600036621094 C-24.743000030517578,42.59299850463867 -12.628999710083008,47.606998443603516 0,47.606998443603516 C12.630000114440918,47.606998443603516 24.743000030517578,42.59299850463867 33.678001403808594,33.66600036621094 C42.612998962402344,24.740999221801758 47.63800048828125,12.631999969482422 47.650001525878906,0.003000000026077032 C47.63100051879883,-12.625 42.604000091552734,-24.729999542236328 33.66999816894531,-33.65599822998047 C24.73699951171875,-42.582000732421875 12.628000259399414,-47.5989990234375 0,-47.608001708984375z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,58.14699935913086,52.26499938964844)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0.0010000000474974513,42.733001708984375 C-11.333000183105469,42.724998474121094 -22.20199966430664,38.22100067138672 -30.2189998626709,30.208999633789062 C-38.236000061035156,22.197999954223633 -42.74800109863281,11.333999633789062 -42.76599884033203,0 C-42.74800109863281,-11.333999633789062 -38.236000061035156,-22.197999954223633 -30.2189998626709,-30.209999084472656 C-22.20199966430664,-38.220001220703125 -11.333000183105469,-42.724998474121094 0.0010000000474974513,-42.733001708984375 C11.333999633789062,-42.724998474121094 22.201000213623047,-38.220001220703125 30.2189998626709,-30.209999084472656 C38.236000061035156,-22.197999954223633 42.749000549316406,-11.333999633789062 42.76599884033203,0 C42.749000549316406,11.333999633789062 38.236000061035156,22.197999954223633 30.2189998626709,30.208999633789062 C22.201000213623047,38.22100067138672 11.333999633789062,42.724998474121094 0.0010000000474974513,42.733001708984375z M0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805 C-10.515000343322754,-39.63999938964844 -20.597999572753906,-35.46099853515625 -28.035999298095703,-28.027999877929688 C-35.4739990234375,-20.594999313354492 -39.65999984741211,-10.515000343322754 -39.67599868774414,0 C-39.65800094604492,10.515000343322754 -35.47100067138672,20.591999053955078 -28.034000396728516,28.023000717163086 C-20.59600067138672,35.45500183105469 -10.512999534606934,39.63399887084961 0.0010000000474974513,39.643001556396484 C10.515000343322754,39.63399887084961 20.59600067138672,35.45500183105469 28.034000396728516,28.023000717163086 C35.47200012207031,20.591999053955078 39.659000396728516,10.515000343322754 39.67599868774414,0 C39.659000396728516,-10.513999938964844 35.47200012207031,-20.591999053955078 28.034000396728516,-28.02400016784668 C20.59600067138672,-35.45600128173828 10.515000343322754,-39.63399887084961 0.0010000000474974513,-39.643001556396484 C0.0010000000474974513,-39.643001556396484 0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805 0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,64.6719970703125,52.957000732421875)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,33.8849983215332 C-8.987000465393066,33.87900161743164 -17.604000091552734,30.305999755859375 -23.961999893188477,23.95400047302246 C-30.319000244140625,17.60099983215332 -33.89699935913086,8.98799991607666 -33.9109992980957,0.0010000000474974513 C-33.89699935913086,-8.986000061035156 -30.319000244140625,-17.601999282836914 -23.961999893188477,-23.95400047302246 C-17.604000091552734,-30.305999755859375 -8.987000465393066,-33.87799835205078 0,-33.8849983215332 C8.98799991607666,-33.880001068115234 17.606000900268555,-30.30900001525879 23.96299934387207,-23.95599937438965 C30.320999145507812,-17.60300064086914 33.89899826049805,-8.987000465393066 33.9109992980957,0.0010000000474974513 C33.89699935913086,8.98799991607666 30.319000244140625,17.60099983215332 23.961000442504883,23.95400047302246 C17.604000091552734,30.305999755859375 8.987000465393066,33.87900161743164 0,33.8849983215332z M0,-31.680999755859375 C-8.402999877929688,-31.676000595092773 -16.461000442504883,-28.336999893188477 -22.405000686645508,-22.398000717163086 C-28.350000381469727,-16.45800018310547 -31.69499969482422,-8.402999877929688 -31.70800018310547,0 C-31.69300079345703,8.402000427246094 -28.347000122070312,16.45599937438965 -22.402999877929688,22.393999099731445 C-16.458999633789062,28.332000732421875 -8.402000427246094,31.66900062561035 0,31.673999786376953 C8.402000427246094,31.66900062561035 16.458999633789062,28.332000732421875 22.402999877929688,22.393999099731445 C28.347000122070312,16.45599937438965 31.69300079345703,8.402000427246094 31.70800018310547,0 C31.69499969482422,-8.402999877929688 28.350000381469727,-16.45800018310547 22.405000686645508,-22.398000717163086 C16.461000442504883,-28.336999893188477 8.402999877929688,-31.676000595092773 0,-31.680999755859375z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,71.1969985961914,53.64400100708008)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,25.040000915527344 C-6.639999866485596,25.03499984741211 -13.006999969482422,22.393999099731445 -17.704999923706055,17.701000213623047 C-22.402000427246094,13.008000373840332 -25.045000076293945,6.642000198364258 -25.055999755859375,0.003000000026077032 C-25.047000885009766,-6.638999938964844 -22.40399932861328,-13.005000114440918 -17.707000732421875,-17.698999404907227 C-13.008999824523926,-22.395000457763672 -6.640999794006348,-25.03499984741211 0,-25.040000915527344 C6.642000198364258,-25.03499984741211 13.010000228881836,-22.395000457763672 17.707000732421875,-17.698999404907227 C22.405000686645508,-13.005000114440918 25.047000885009766,-6.638999938964844 25.055999755859375,0.003000000026077032 C25.04599952697754,6.642000198364258 22.402000427246094,13.008000373840332 17.704999923706055,17.701000213623047 C13.008000373840332,22.393999099731445 6.640999794006348,25.03499984741211 0,25.040000915527344z M0,-23.716999053955078 C-6.289999961853027,-23.711999893188477 -12.321000099182129,-21.209999084472656 -16.770999908447266,-16.763999938964844 C-21.219999313354492,-12.317000389099121 -23.724000930786133,-6.288000106811523 -23.73200035095215,0.003000000026077032 C-23.722000122070312,6.291999816894531 -21.216999053955078,12.321000099182129 -16.768999099731445,16.766000747680664 C-12.319000244140625,21.211999893188477 -6.289000034332275,23.709999084472656 0,23.715999603271484 C6.289999961853027,23.709999084472656 12.319999694824219,21.211999893188477 16.768999099731445,16.766000747680664 C21.218000411987305,12.321000099182129 23.722000122070312,6.291999816894531 23.73200035095215,0.003000000026077032 C23.724000930786133,-6.288000106811523 21.22100067138672,-12.317000389099121 16.770999908447266,-16.763999938964844 C12.321999549865723,-21.209999084472656 6.290999889373779,-23.711999893188477 0,-23.716999053955078z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g mask="url(#__lottie_element_599)" filter="url(#__lottie_element_600)"
|
|
transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,6.5,3)" opacity="1" style="display: block;">
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,165.5959930419922,50.316001892089844)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M26.5310001373291,-18.825000762939453 C26.5310001373291,-18.825000762939453 12.987000465393066,19.18199920654297 12.987000465393066,19.18199920654297 C12.925000190734863,19.364999771118164 12.803000450134277,19.523000717163086 12.640000343322754,19.6299991607666 C12.47700023651123,19.73699951171875 12.282999992370605,19.785999298095703 12.08899974822998,19.770999908447266 C12.08899974822998,19.770999908447266 11.062000274658203,19.770999908447266 11.062000274658203,19.770999908447266 C10.866999626159668,19.77899932861328 10.673999786376953,19.72599983215332 10.510000228881836,19.6200008392334 C10.347000122070312,19.514999389648438 10.220000267028809,19.36199951171875 10.147000312805176,19.18199920654297 C10.147000312805176,19.18199920654297 -0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 -0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 C-0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 -10.144000053405762,19.18199920654297 -10.144000053405762,19.18199920654297 C-10.211000442504883,19.36199951171875 -10.335000038146973,19.516000747680664 -10.496000289916992,19.621999740600586 C-10.657999992370605,19.72800064086914 -10.848999977111816,19.780000686645508 -11.043000221252441,19.770999908447266 C-11.043000221252441,19.770999908447266 -12.086000442504883,19.770999908447266 -12.086000442504883,19.770999908447266 C-12.279000282287598,19.7810001373291 -12.470999717712402,19.729999542236328 -12.633000373840332,19.624000549316406 C-12.795000076293945,19.51799964904785 -12.918000221252441,19.363000869750977 -12.984000205993652,19.18199920654297 C-12.984000205993652,19.18199920654297 -26.527999877929688,-18.812000274658203 -26.527999877929688,-18.812000274658203 C-26.736000061035156,-19.400999069213867 -26.511999130249023,-19.766000747680664 -25.934999465942383,-19.766000747680664 C-25.934999465942383,-19.766000747680664 -21.743000030517578,-19.766000747680664 -21.743000030517578,-19.766000747680664 C-21.54599952697754,-19.78499984741211 -21.347999572753906,-19.73900032043457 -21.180999755859375,-19.631999969482422 C-21.014999389648438,-19.524999618530273 -20.889999389648438,-19.364999771118164 -20.827999114990234,-19.17799949645996 C-20.827999114990234,-19.17799949645996 -11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 -11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 C-11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 -1.3580000400543213,-16.7549991607666 -1.3580000400543213,-16.7549991607666 C-1.2879999876022339,-16.937000274658203 -1.1610000133514404,-17.090999603271484 -0.996999979019165,-17.19700050354004 C-0.8320000171661377,-17.30299949645996 -0.6389999985694885,-17.354000091552734 -0.4429999887943268,-17.3439998626709 C-0.4429999887943268,-17.3439998626709 0.4390000104904175,-17.3439998626709 0.4390000104904175,-17.3439998626709 C0.6330000162124634,-17.354000091552734 0.8240000009536743,-17.301000595092773 0.9860000014305115,-17.19499969482422 C1.1480000019073486,-17.089000701904297 1.2710000276565552,-16.93600082397461 1.3380000591278076,-16.7549991607666 C1.3380000591278076,-16.7549991607666 11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 C11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 20.874000549316406,-19.17799949645996 20.874000549316406,-19.17799949645996 C20.937000274658203,-19.364999771118164 21.06100082397461,-19.524999618530273 21.22800064086914,-19.631999969482422 C21.393999099731445,-19.73900032043457 21.591999053955078,-19.78499984741211 21.790000915527344,-19.766000747680664 C21.790000915527344,-19.766000747680664 25.917999267578125,-19.766000747680664 25.917999267578125,-19.766000747680664 C26.51099967956543,-19.766000747680664 26.736000061035156,-19.400999069213867 26.527999877929688,-18.825000762939453">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,230.92799377441406,49.98500061035156)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M20.148000717163086,0.017999999225139618 C20.110000610351562,3.931999921798706 18.905000686645508,7.747000217437744 16.68600082397461,10.984000205993652 C14.467000007629395,14.220000267028809 11.333000183105469,16.732999801635742 7.677999973297119,18.20400047302246 C4.021999835968018,19.677000045776367 0.009999999776482582,20.042999267578125 -3.8540000915527344,19.256999969482422 C-7.7179999351501465,18.469999313354492 -11.26099967956543,16.566999435424805 -14.03600025177002,13.78600025177002 C-16.812000274658203,11.003999710083008 -18.69700050354004,7.46999979019165 -19.452999114990234,3.628000020980835 C-20.208999633789062,-0.21299999952316284 -19.80299949645996,-4.191999912261963 -18.28499984741211,-7.804999828338623 C-16.767000198364258,-11.418000221252441 -14.204999923706055,-14.505000114440918 -10.92300033569336,-16.676000595092773 C-7.639999866485596,-18.847000122070312 -3.7839999198913574,-20.0049991607666 0.16099999845027924,-20.0049991607666 C2.812000036239624,-20.04199981689453 5.443999767303467,-19.548999786376953 7.8979997634887695,-18.55299949645996 C10.352999687194824,-17.558000564575195 12.579000473022461,-16.08099937438965 14.444999694824219,-14.211999893188477 C16.31100082397461,-12.342000007629395 17.777999877929688,-10.119000434875488 18.757999420166016,-7.673999786376953 C19.73699951171875,-5.229000091552734 20.209999084472656,-2.611999988555908 20.148000717163086,0.017999999225139618z M14.604999542236328,0.017999999225139618 C14.604999542236328,-9.196000099182129 8.54800033569336,-15.543999671936035 0.16099999845027924,-15.543999671936035 C-8.22599983215332,-15.543999671936035 -14.281000137329102,-9.196000099182129 -14.281000137329102,0.017999999225139618 C-14.281000137329102,9.232999801635742 -8.22599983215332,15.579000473022461 0.16099999845027924,15.579000473022461 C8.54800033569336,15.579000473022461 14.604999542236328,9.232999801635742 14.604999542236328,0.017999999225139618z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,289.0769958496094,50.01300048828125)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156 C15.052000045776367,18.006999969482422 15.133000373840332,18.190000534057617 15.154000282287598,18.382999420166016 C15.175999641418457,18.576000213623047 15.137999534606934,18.770000457763672 15.045999526977539,18.94099998474121 C14.95300006866455,19.11199951171875 14.810999870300293,19.250999450683594 14.63700008392334,19.34000015258789 C14.46399974822998,19.429000854492188 14.267000198364258,19.46299934387207 14.072999954223633,19.43899917602539 C14.072999954223633,19.43899917602539 10.29699993133545,19.43899917602539 10.29699993133545,19.43899917602539 C10.173999786376953,19.434999465942383 10.055000305175781,19.402000427246094 9.947999954223633,19.34000015258789 C9.842000007629395,19.280000686645508 9.75100040435791,19.194000244140625 9.685999870300293,19.089000701904297 C9.685999870300293,19.089000701904297 0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 C0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 C-9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,18.643999099731445 -9.973999977111816,18.643999099731445 C-9.97700023651123,18.854999542236328 -10.062000274658203,19.055999755859375 -10.211999893188477,19.20599937438965 C-10.362000465393066,19.354999542236328 -10.567000389099121,19.440000534057617 -10.779000282287598,19.44300079345703 C-10.779000282287598,19.44300079345703 -14.467000007629395,19.44300079345703 -14.467000007629395,19.44300079345703 C-14.678999900817871,19.43899917602539 -14.880999565124512,19.35300064086914 -15.031000137329102,19.20400047302246 C-15.180999755859375,19.054000854492188 -15.265999794006348,18.854000091552734 -15.267999649047852,18.643999099731445 C-15.267999649047852,18.643999099731445 -15.267999649047852,-18.663000106811523 -15.267999649047852,-18.663000106811523 C-15.265000343322754,-18.874000549316406 -15.180000305175781,-19.075000762939453 -15.031000137329102,-19.224000930786133 C-14.881999969482422,-19.37299919128418 -14.678999900817871,-19.458999633789062 -14.467000007629395,-19.46299934387207 C-14.467000007629395,-19.46299934387207 0.039000000804662704,-19.46299934387207 0.039000000804662704,-19.46299934387207 C10.192000389099121,-19.46299934387207 15.206000328063965,-14.168000221252441 15.206000328063965,-7.2829999923706055 C15.267999649047852,-4.546999931335449 14.340999603271484,-1.878999948501587 12.593999862670898,0.23800000548362732 C10.847000122070312,2.3550000190734863 8.395000457763672,3.7820000648498535 5.679999828338623,4.260000228881836 C5.679999828338623,4.260000228881836 14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156 14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156z M-0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836 C6.98799991607666,0.43799999356269836 9.668999671936035,-2.8480000495910645 9.668999671936035,-7.28000020980835 C9.668999671936035,-11.711999893188477 6.98799991607666,-14.996999740600586 -0.9959999918937683,-14.996999740600586 C-0.9959999918937683,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 C-9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 -9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 C-9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 -0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836 -0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,347.6789855957031,49.689998626708984)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M18.70400047302246,-19.766000747680664 C18.70400047302246,-19.766000747680664 19.908000946044922,-19.766000747680664 19.908000946044922,-19.766000747680664 C20.016000747680664,-19.773000717163086 20.12299919128418,-19.756999969482422 20.225000381469727,-19.7189998626709 C20.325000762939453,-19.68199920654297 20.416000366210938,-19.62299919128418 20.493000030517578,-19.547000885009766 C20.569000244140625,-19.472000122070312 20.628000259399414,-19.381000518798828 20.666000366210938,-19.2810001373291 C20.70400047302246,-19.180999755859375 20.72100067138672,-19.073999404907227 20.71299934387207,-18.966999053955078 C20.71299934387207,-18.966999053955078 20.71299934387207,18.9689998626709 20.71299934387207,18.9689998626709 C20.72100067138672,19.075000762939453 20.70400047302246,19.183000564575195 20.666000366210938,19.283000946044922 C20.628000259399414,19.382999420166016 20.569000244140625,19.472999572753906 20.493000030517578,19.548999786376953 C20.416000366210938,19.624000549316406 20.325000762939453,19.683000564575195 20.225000381469727,19.72100067138672 C20.12299919128418,19.757999420166016 20.016000747680664,19.774999618530273 19.908000946044922,19.76799964904785 C19.908000946044922,19.76799964904785 16.22100067138672,19.76799964904785 16.22100067138672,19.76799964904785 C16.11199951171875,19.774999618530273 16.003999710083008,19.757999420166016 15.904000282287598,19.72100067138672 C15.803999900817871,19.683000564575195 15.711000442504883,19.624000549316406 15.63599967956543,19.548999786376953 C15.559000015258789,19.472999572753906 15.5,19.382999420166016 15.461999893188477,19.283000946044922 C15.423999786376953,19.183000564575195 15.407999992370605,19.075000762939453 15.414999961853027,18.9689998626709 C15.414999961853027,18.9689998626709 15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 C15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 0.5540000200271606,13.385000228881836 0.5540000200271606,13.385000228881836 C0.5040000081062317,13.489999771118164 0.4269999861717224,13.579000473022461 0.328000009059906,13.642999649047852 C0.2290000021457672,13.704999923706055 0.11500000208616257,13.73799991607666 -0.0020000000949949026,13.73799991607666 C-0.11900000274181366,13.73799991607666 -0.2329999953508377,13.704999923706055 -0.3319999873638153,13.642999649047852 C-0.4300000071525574,13.579000473022461 -0.5090000033378601,13.489999771118164 -0.5569999814033508,13.385000228881836 C-0.5569999814033508,13.385000228881836 -15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 -15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 C-15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 -15.416000366210938,18.96500015258789 -15.416000366210938,18.96500015258789 C-15.409000396728516,19.07200050354004 -15.425000190734863,19.18000030517578 -15.463000297546387,19.27899932861328 C-15.50100040435791,19.3799991607666 -15.5600004196167,19.47100067138672 -15.63599967956543,19.54599952697754 C-15.711999893188477,19.621999740600586 -15.803999900817871,19.68000030517578 -15.904000282287598,19.716999053955078 C-16.0049991607666,19.7549991607666 -16.11199951171875,19.770999908447266 -16.22100067138672,19.763999938964844 C-16.22100067138672,19.763999938964844 -19.909000396728516,19.763999938964844 -19.909000396728516,19.763999938964844 C-20.017000198364258,19.770999908447266 -20.124000549316406,19.7549991607666 -20.225000381469727,19.716999053955078 C-20.326000213623047,19.68000030517578 -20.41699981689453,19.621999740600586 -20.493999481201172,19.54599952697754 C-20.569000244140625,19.47100067138672 -20.628999710083008,19.3799991607666 -20.66699981689453,19.27899932861328 C-20.704999923706055,19.18000030517578 -20.72100067138672,19.07200050354004 -20.714000701904297,18.96500015258789 C-20.714000701904297,18.96500015258789 -20.714000701904297,-18.97100067138672 -20.714000701904297,-18.97100067138672 C-20.72100067138672,-19.077999114990234 -20.704999923706055,-19.18400001525879 -20.66699981689453,-19.284000396728516 C-20.628999710083008,-19.384000778198242 -20.569000244140625,-19.475000381469727 -20.493999481201172,-19.551000595092773 C-20.41699981689453,-19.625999450683594 -20.326000213623047,-19.684999465942383 -20.225000381469727,-19.722999572753906 C-20.124000549316406,-19.760000228881836 -20.017000198364258,-19.775999069213867 -19.909000396728516,-19.768999099731445 C-19.909000396728516,-19.768999099731445 -18.7189998626709,-19.768999099731445 -18.7189998626709,-19.768999099731445 C-18.518999099731445,-19.76799964904785 -18.320999145507812,-19.7189998626709 -18.14699935913086,-19.624000549316406 C-17.97100067138672,-19.52899932861328 -17.820999145507812,-19.39299964904785 -17.71299934387207,-19.226999282836914 C-17.71299934387207,-19.226999282836914 -0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 -0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 C-0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 17.711999893188477,-19.226999282836914 17.711999893188477,-19.226999282836914 C17.815000534057617,-19.392000198364258 17.959999084472656,-19.527000427246094 18.131000518798828,-19.621999740600586 C18.30299949645996,-19.716999053955078 18.4950008392334,-19.76799964904785 18.69099998474121,-19.768999099731445">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,410.510986328125,50.000999450683594)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M17.5,-18.652000427246094 C17.5,-18.652000427246094 17.5,18.652000427246094 17.5,18.652000427246094 C17.496000289916992,18.863000869750977 17.40999984741211,19.06399917602539 17.260000228881836,19.214000701904297 C17.108999252319336,19.36199951171875 16.9060001373291,19.447999954223633 16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 C16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 C12.793000221252441,19.447999954223633 12.59000015258789,19.36199951171875 12.4399995803833,19.214000701904297 C12.289999961853027,19.06399917602539 12.204999923706055,18.863000869750977 12.20199966430664,18.652000427246094 C12.20199966430664,18.652000427246094 12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 C12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 C-12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,18.652000427246094 -12.201000213623047,18.652000427246094 C-12.204999923706055,18.863000869750977 -12.291000366210938,19.06399917602539 -12.4399995803833,19.214000701904297 C-12.590999603271484,19.36199951171875 -12.793000221252441,19.447999954223633 -13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 C-13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 -16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 -16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 C-16.9060001373291,19.447999954223633 -17.107999801635742,19.36199951171875 -17.259000778198242,19.214000701904297 C-17.409000396728516,19.06399917602539 -17.496000289916992,18.863000869750977 -17.5,18.652000427246094 C-17.5,18.652000427246094 -17.5,-18.652000427246094 -17.5,-18.652000427246094 C-17.496000289916992,-18.863000869750977 -17.409000396728516,-19.062999725341797 -17.259000778198242,-19.211999893188477 C-17.107999801635742,-19.361000061035156 -16.9060001373291,-19.44700050354004 -16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 C-16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 -13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 -13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 C-12.793000221252441,-19.44700050354004 -12.590999603271484,-19.361000061035156 -12.4399995803833,-19.211999893188477 C-12.291000366210938,-19.062999725341797 -12.204999923706055,-18.863000869750977 -12.201000213623047,-18.652000427246094 C-12.201000213623047,-18.652000427246094 -12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 -12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 C-12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 C12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-18.652000427246094 12.20199966430664,-18.652000427246094 C12.204999923706055,-18.863000869750977 12.289999961853027,-19.062999725341797 12.4399995803833,-19.211999893188477 C12.59000015258789,-19.361000061035156 12.793000221252441,-19.44700050354004 13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 C13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 C16.9060001373291,-19.44700050354004 17.108999252319336,-19.361000061035156 17.260000228881836,-19.211999893188477 C17.40999984741211,-19.062999725341797 17.496000289916992,-18.863000869750977 17.5,-18.652000427246094z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,470.5679931640625,49.98500061035156)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M20.14699935913086,0.017999999225139618 C20.108999252319336,3.931999921798706 18.905000686645508,7.747000217437744 16.68600082397461,10.984000205993652 C14.467000007629395,14.220000267028809 11.333000183105469,16.732999801635742 7.677999973297119,18.20400047302246 C4.0229997634887695,19.677000045776367 0.009999999776482582,20.042999267578125 -3.8540000915527344,19.256999969482422 C-7.7179999351501465,18.469999313354492 -11.26099967956543,16.566999435424805 -14.036999702453613,13.78600025177002 C-16.812999725341797,11.003999710083008 -18.697999954223633,7.46999979019165 -19.45400047302246,3.628000020980835 C-20.208999633789062,-0.21299999952316284 -19.80299949645996,-4.191999912261963 -18.28499984741211,-7.804999828338623 C-16.767000198364258,-11.418000221252441 -14.204999923706055,-14.505000114440918 -10.92300033569336,-16.676000595092773 C-7.639999866485596,-18.847000122070312 -3.7839999198913574,-20.0049991607666 0.16099999845027924,-20.0049991607666 C2.812000036239624,-20.04199981689453 5.442999839782715,-19.548999786376953 7.8979997634887695,-18.55299949645996 C10.35200023651123,-17.558000564575195 12.579000473022461,-16.08099937438965 14.444000244140625,-14.211999893188477 C16.309999465942383,-12.342000007629395 17.777000427246094,-10.119000434875488 18.756999969482422,-7.673999786376953 C19.73699951171875,-5.229000091552734 20.208999633789062,-2.611999988555908 20.14699935913086,0.017999999225139618z M14.604000091552734,0.017999999225139618 C14.604000091552734,-9.196000099182129 8.54800033569336,-15.543999671936035 0.16099999845027924,-15.543999671936035 C-8.22599983215332,-15.543999671936035 -14.281999588012695,-9.196000099182129 -14.281999588012695,0.017999999225139618 C-14.281999588012695,9.232999801635742 -8.22599983215332,15.579000473022461 0.16099999845027924,15.579000473022461 C8.54800033569336,15.579000473022461 14.604000091552734,9.232999801635742 14.604000091552734,0.017999999225139618z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,527.3350219726562,50.00400161743164)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M13.864999771118164,15.779999732971191 C13.864999771118164,15.779999732971191 13.864999771118164,18.648000717163086 13.864999771118164,18.648000717163086 C13.871999740600586,18.756000518798828 13.854999542236328,18.86199951171875 13.817000389099121,18.961999893188477 C13.779000282287598,19.062000274658203 13.718999862670898,19.152999877929688 13.642999649047852,19.22800064086914 C13.567000389099121,19.304000854492188 13.475000381469727,19.363000869750977 13.375,19.399999618530273 C13.27400016784668,19.437999725341797 13.166999816894531,19.45400047302246 13.057999610900879,19.44700050354004 C13.057999610900879,19.44700050354004 -13.07699966430664,19.44700050354004 -13.07699966430664,19.44700050354004 C-13.288999557495117,19.444000244140625 -13.491999626159668,19.357999801635742 -13.642000198364258,19.209999084472656 C-13.791999816894531,19.059999465942383 -13.878000259399414,18.858999252319336 -13.881999969482422,18.648000717163086 C-13.881999969482422,18.648000717163086 -13.881999969482422,-18.655000686645508 -13.881999969482422,-18.655000686645508 C-13.878000259399414,-18.865999221801758 -13.791999816894531,-19.066999435424805 -13.642000198364258,-19.215999603271484 C-13.491999626159668,-19.364999771118164 -13.288999557495117,-19.450000762939453 -13.07699966430664,-19.45400047302246 C-13.07699966430664,-19.45400047302246 -9.387999534606934,-19.45400047302246 -9.387999534606934,-19.45400047302246 C-9.175999641418457,-19.448999404907227 -8.973999977111816,-19.36400032043457 -8.824999809265137,-19.21500015258789 C-8.675000190734863,-19.06599998474121 -8.59000015258789,-18.865999221801758 -8.586999893188477,-18.655000686645508 C-8.586999893188477,-18.655000686645508 -8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 -8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 C-8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 13.069000244140625,14.980999946594238 13.069000244140625,14.980999946594238 C13.177000045776367,14.973999977111816 13.284000396728516,14.991000175476074 13.385000228881836,15.027999877929688 C13.486000061035156,15.065999984741211 13.57699966430664,15.125 13.654000282287598,15.199999809265137 C13.729999542236328,15.276000022888184 13.788999557495117,15.366999626159668 13.82699966430664,15.467000007629395 C13.864999771118164,15.565999984741211 13.880999565124512,15.673999786376953 13.87399959564209,15.779999732971191">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,577.2100219726562,49.99800109863281)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M14.913000106811523,15.784000396728516 C14.913000106811523,15.784000396728516 14.913000106811523,18.652000427246094 14.913000106811523,18.652000427246094 C14.920000076293945,18.759000778198242 14.902999877929688,18.864999771118164 14.864999771118164,18.96500015258789 C14.82699966430664,19.06399917602539 14.767999649047852,19.1560001373291 14.692999839782715,19.23200035095215 C14.616000175476074,19.30699920654297 14.524999618530273,19.365999221801758 14.423999786376953,19.40399932861328 C14.322999954223633,19.44099998474121 14.21500015258789,19.45800018310547 14.107000350952148,19.451000213623047 C14.107000350952148,19.451000213623047 -14.116999626159668,19.451000213623047 -14.116999626159668,19.451000213623047 C-14.329000473022461,19.44700050354004 -14.531999588012695,19.36199951171875 -14.682000160217285,19.21299934387207 C-14.831999778747559,19.06399917602539 -14.918000221252441,18.863000869750977 -14.92199993133545,18.652000427246094 C-14.92199993133545,18.652000427246094 -14.92199993133545,-18.652000427246094 -14.92199993133545,-18.652000427246094 C-14.918000221252441,-18.86199951171875 -14.831999778747559,-19.065000534057617 -14.682000160217285,-19.214000701904297 C-14.531999588012695,-19.363000869750977 -14.329000473022461,-19.447999954223633 -14.116999626159668,-19.451000213623047 C-14.116999626159668,-19.451000213623047 13.468000411987305,-19.451000213623047 13.468000411987305,-19.451000213623047 C13.574999809265137,-19.45800018310547 13.682999610900879,-19.44099998474121 13.784000396728516,-19.40399932861328 C13.885000228881836,-19.365999221801758 13.97599983215332,-19.30699920654297 14.052000045776367,-19.23200035095215 C14.128000259399414,-19.1560001373291 14.185999870300293,-19.065000534057617 14.223999977111816,-18.96500015258789 C14.26200008392334,-18.864999771118164 14.279999732971191,-18.757999420166016 14.27299976348877,-18.652000427246094 C14.27299976348877,-18.652000427246094 14.27299976348877,-15.782999992370605 14.27299976348877,-15.782999992370605 C14.279999732971191,-15.675999641418457 14.26200008392334,-15.569999694824219 14.223999977111816,-15.468999862670898 C14.185999870300293,-15.369999885559082 14.128000259399414,-15.279000282287598 14.052000045776367,-15.20300006866455 C13.97599983215332,-15.128000259399414 13.885000228881836,-15.069000244140625 13.784000396728516,-15.031000137329102 C13.682999610900879,-14.994000434875488 13.574999809265137,-14.977999687194824 13.468000411987305,-14.984999656677246 C13.468000411987305,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 C-9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 -9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 C-9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 10.89799976348877,-2.805000066757202 10.89799976348877,-2.805000066757202 C11.003999710083008,-2.812000036239624 11.111000061035156,-2.796999931335449 11.210000038146973,-2.759999990463257 C11.309000015258789,-2.7239999771118164 11.39900016784668,-2.6659998893737793 11.473999977111816,-2.5920000076293945 C11.550999641418457,-2.5179998874664307 11.609999656677246,-2.428999900817871 11.64799976348877,-2.3310000896453857 C11.687000274658203,-2.2330000400543213 11.706000328063965,-2.128000020980835 11.701000213623047,-2.0230000019073486 C11.701000213623047,-2.0230000019073486 11.701000213623047,0.8610000014305115 11.701000213623047,0.8610000014305115 C11.706999778747559,0.9670000076293945 11.690999984741211,1.0750000476837158 11.652999877929688,1.1740000247955322 C11.614999771118164,1.2730000019073486 11.555000305175781,1.3630000352859497 11.479000091552734,1.437999963760376 C11.402999877929688,1.5130000114440918 11.312999725341797,1.5709999799728394 11.213000297546387,1.6089999675750732 C11.11299991607666,1.6460000276565552 11.005000114440918,1.6640000343322754 10.89799976348877,1.6579999923706055 C10.89799976348877,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 C-9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 -9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 C-9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 14.112000465393066,14.984000205993652 14.112000465393066,14.984000205993652 C14.218999862670898,14.97700023651123 14.326000213623047,14.994000434875488 14.427000045776367,15.031999588012695 C14.527000427246094,15.069000244140625 14.619000434875488,15.128000259399414 14.694999694824219,15.204000473022461 C14.770999908447266,15.279000282287598 14.831000328063965,15.369999885559082 14.869000434875488,15.470999717712402 C14.906999588012695,15.569999694824219 14.92300033569336,15.677000045776367 14.916000366210938,15.784000396728516">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../../introduction/introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Overview</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/0_xdappOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> xDapps</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/1_defiBasics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Ecosystem Basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/2_crossChainInteroperability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Blockchain Interoperability</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/3_xdataxassets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> xData & xAssets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/4_whatIsanXdapp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> What is an xDapp?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/5_advantages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Advantages of xDapps</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/0_wormholeOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Wormhole</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/1_whatIsWormhole.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is Wormhole?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/2_architectureOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Architecture Overview</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/3_coreLayerContracts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Core Layer Contracts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/4_vaa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> VAA: Verified Action Approval</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/5_guardianNetwork.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Guardian Network</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/6_relayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/7_xAssetBridge.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> xAsset Bridge</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/8_wormchain.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> Wormchain</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../wormhole/security.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Security</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/0_dappDesign.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> xDapp Design</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/1_keyConsiderations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Key Considerations</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/2_ecosystems.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Ecosystems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/3_protocolDesign.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Protocol Design</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/4_topology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Topology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../dapps/architecture/5_relayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Developing xDapps</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/environments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Environment Setup</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/tilt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Tilt (Devnet)</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/troubleshooting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.1.</strong> Troubleshooting</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/wlv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Wormhole Local Validator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/testnet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Testnet</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/env/tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Tooling</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Contract Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> EVM</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/coreLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.1.</strong> Core Layer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/tokenLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.2.</strong> Token Bridge Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/nftLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.3.</strong> NFT Bridge Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/relayer.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.4.</strong> Relayer Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/bestPractices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.5.</strong> Best Practices</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/evm/composableVerification.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.6.</strong> Composable Verification</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/solana/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Solana</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/cosmos/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Cosmos</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/algorand/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Algorand</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/near/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Near</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/aptos/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> Aptos</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/relayer/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/relayer/genericRelayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Generic Relayers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/relayer/specializedRelayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Specialized Relayers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/typescript/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Wormhole Typescript SDK</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/typescript/attestingToken.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Token Registration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/typescript/tokenTransfer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Token Transfer Basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/typescript/cross-ecosystem-transfer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Cross-Ecosystem Transfer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../technical/typescript/using-relayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Using Relayers</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Reference</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../reference/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Other Resources</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../reference/glossary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Glossary</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../reference/usefulLinks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Useful Links</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../reference/contracts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Deployed Contracts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../reference/rpcnodes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> RPC Nodes</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
|
|
|
<div class="page">
|
|
|
|
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
|
|
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
|
|
<div class="left-buttons">
|
|
<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents"
|
|
aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
|
|
</button>
|
|
|
|
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)"
|
|
aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S"
|
|
aria-controls="searchbar">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<h1 class="menu-title">Wormhole Development Book</h1>
|
|
|
|
<div class="right-buttons">
|
|
<a href="../../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
|
|
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/xdapp-book" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
|
|
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
|
|
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
|
|
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..."
|
|
aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
|
</form>
|
|
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
|
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
|
<ul id="searchresults">
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
|
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
|
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function (link) {
|
|
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<div id="content" class="content">
|
|
<main>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Warning: Some content may be outdated.
|
|
See <a href="https://docs.wormhole.com">docs.wormhole.com</a>
|
|
for up to date information
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<h1 id="relayer-module"><a class="header" href="#relayer-module">Relayer Module</a></h1>
|
|
<p>The WormholeRelayer module allows developers to deliver their VAAs via an untrusted <strong>DeliveryProvider</strong>, rather than needing to develop and host their own relay infrastructure.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="quickstart"><a class="header" href="#quickstart">Quickstart</a></h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/hello-wormhole#readme">Hello Wormhole</a> - Get a full Wormhole application working, deployed on testnet, and tested both locally and in Testnet</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/hello-wormhole/blob/main/hello-wormhole-explained.md">How Does Hello Wormhole Work</a> - Get a quick architecture overview of how HelloWormhole (and automatic relayers as a whole) work behind the scenes</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/hello-wormhole/blob/main/beyond-hello-wormhole.md">Beyond Hello Wormhole</a> - about Protections, Refunds, and Forwards</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/hello-token#readme">Hello Token</a> - Get a full TokenBridge Wormhole application working, deployed on testnet, and tested both locally and in Testnet</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole-solidity-sdk">Wormhole Solidity SDK</a> - Install useful helpers and interface files into your existing application to help it go cross-chain </li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/example-cross-chain-borrow-lend">Example Cross Chain Borrow Lend</a> - Example application using the Wormhole Relayer module</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h2 id="interacting-with-the-module"><a class="header" href="#interacting-with-the-module">Interacting with the Module</a></h2>
|
|
<p>There are two relevant interfaces to discuss when utilizing the WormholeRelayer module:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole/blob/generic-relayer-merge/ethereum/contracts/interfaces/relayer/IWormholeRelayer.sol">IWormholeRelayer</a> - the primary interface by which you interact with the module. It allows you to request deliveries from a given DeliveryProvider.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole/blob/generic-relayer-merge/ethereum/contracts/interfaces/relayer/IWormholeReceiver.sol">IWormholeReceiver</a> - this is the interface you are responsible for implementing. It allows the selected Delivery Provider to deliver messages to your contract.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Check the <a href="../../reference/contracts.html">deployed contracts page</a> for contract addresses on each supported blockchain.</p>
|
|
<p>A minimal setup that can receive messages looks something like this:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-solidity">import "../IWormholeRelayer.sol";
|
|
import "../IWormholeReceiver.sol";
|
|
|
|
contract HelloWorld is IWormholeReceiver {
|
|
|
|
function receiveWormholeMessages(
|
|
bytes memory payload,
|
|
bytes[] memory additionalVaas,
|
|
bytes32 sourceAddress,
|
|
uint16 sourceChain,
|
|
bytes32 deliveryHash
|
|
) public payable override onlyRelayerContract {
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
modifier onlyRelayerContract() {
|
|
require(msg.sender == WORMHOLE_RELAYER_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, "msg.sender is not WormholeRelayer contract.");
|
|
_;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h1 id="sending-messages"><a class="header" href="#sending-messages">Sending Messages</a></h1>
|
|
<p>Let's cover how to send a "Hello World" message. The basic mechanism to call the <code>sendPayloadToEvm</code> function on the IWormholeRelayer interface. Here's its basic usage:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-solidity">function sendHelloWorldMessage() public payable {
|
|
//spell out some constants
|
|
bytes memory helloWorld = abi.encode("Hello World");
|
|
uint256 gasLimit = 500000;
|
|
uint256 receiverValue = 0; // don't deliver any 'msg.value' along with the message
|
|
|
|
//calculate cost to deliver message
|
|
(uint256 deliveryCost,) = relayer.quoteEVMDeliveryPrice(
|
|
targetChain,
|
|
receiverValue,
|
|
gasLimit
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
// publish delivery request
|
|
relayer.sendPayloadToEvm{value: deliveryCost}(
|
|
TARGET_CHAIN, TARGET_CONTRACT, helloWorld, receiverValue, gasLimit
|
|
);
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>In this code, we first emit a "Hello World" message via the Wormhole Core Layer the same way it's always done. We then request from the default DeliveryProvider that they deliver all messages emitted from this transaction with nonce 1 to the TARGET_CONTRACT on the TARGET_CHAIN.</p>
|
|
<p>Let's break down all the things happening in this code.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>deliveryCost</code> - this calculates the necessary price for the selected DeliveryProvider to perform a delivery with 500,000 gas on the target chain. Thus, by paying this <code>deliveryCost</code>, you can be sure that your <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> function will be invoked with a gas limit of 500,000. There's more info on the how these deliveries work in a later section.</li>
|
|
<li><code>targetChain</code> - Wormhole chainId where the messages should be sent. This is not the same as the EVM Network ID!</li>
|
|
<li><code>targetContract</code> - Contract address on targetChain where the messages should be sent. </li>
|
|
<li><code>gasLimit</code> - this specifies the maximum units of targetChain gas that can be used to execute receiveWormholeMessages on the targetChain. If the gasLimit is exceeded during contract execution you will enter a <strong>receiver failure</strong> state. Note: If you have a wallet on the targetChain (or any chain) that you wish to collect refunds to (i.e. if your contract takes less than <code>gasLimit</code> units of gas to execute), there is an option in IWormholeRelayer to have this happen.</li>
|
|
<li><code>receiverValue</code> - this amount (in targetChain wei) is passed to <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> on the target chain when the delivery happens. This is useful for covering small fees encountered during execution on the target chain.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h2 id="receiving-messages"><a class="header" href="#receiving-messages">Receiving Messages</a></h2>
|
|
<p>To receive messages through the relayer module, simply implement the <code>IWormholeReceiver</code> interface.</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-solidity">function receiveWormholeMessages(
|
|
bytes memory payload,
|
|
bytes[] memory additionalVaas,
|
|
bytes32 sourceAddress,
|
|
uint16 sourceChain,
|
|
bytes32 deliveryHash
|
|
) public payable override onlyRelayerContract {
|
|
|
|
//Do whatever you need to do with 'payload'
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
modifier onlyRelayerContract() {
|
|
require(msg.sender == WORMHOLE_RELAYER_ADDRESS, "msg.sender is not WormholeRelayer contract.");
|
|
_;
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Breaking down everything happening in this code snippet:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> - this is the function which will be invoked by the WormholeRelayer contract when the DeliveryProvider completes the delivery. It will be executed with a gas limit that was specified in the deliveryRequest.</li>
|
|
<li><code>payload</code> - This is the payload that was sent in the delivery request</li>
|
|
<li><code>additionalVaas</code> - In the example shown above, this will be empty. This will contain any additional VAAs that were requested to be relayed through the 'vaaKeys' field. These should not be considered trusted until you call <code>core_bridge.parseAndVerifyVM</code> or otherwise verify them against the Core Contract! (More on this in <a href="./bestPractices.html">Best Practices</a>)</li>
|
|
<li><code>sourceAddress</code> - Address that requested this delivery (in Wormhole bytes32 format; i.e. if this is originally an EVM address, it will be left-padded with 12 zeros)</li>
|
|
<li><code>sourceChain</code> - Chain (in Wormhole Chain ID format) that this delivery was requested from </li>
|
|
<li><code>deliveryHash</code> - Unique identifier of this delivery request. Specifically, this is the hash of the delivery VAA. </li>
|
|
<li><code>onlyRelayerContract</code> - this prevents contracts other than the WormholeRelayer contract from calling this entrypoint. The WormholeRelayer contract handles the invocation of <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code>, and ensures that relayers can't improperly call it.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Here are a few other important points to note:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> function should generally not throw an exception or revert during execution. If an exception is thrown, or a 'require' statement is violated, you will enter a receiver failure. When a receiver failure occurs, the execution of <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> is reverted.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> will only be called with as much gas as was specified by the gasLimit specified when the message delivery was requested. If you exceed this gas amount, you will enter a delivery failure.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h1 id="delivery-guarantees--delivery-failures"><a class="header" href="#delivery-guarantees--delivery-failures">Delivery Guarantees & Delivery Failures</a></h1>
|
|
<p>The WormholeRelayer protocol is intended to create a service interface whereby mutually distrustful integrators and DeliveryProviders can work together to provide a seamless Dapp experience. You don't trust the delivery providers with your data, and the delivery providers don't trust your smart contract. The primary agreement which is made between integrators and delivery providers is that:</p>
|
|
<p><strong>When a delivery is requested, the delivery provider will attempt to deliver the VAA within the provider's stated delivery timeframe.</strong></p>
|
|
<p>As a baseline, DeliveryProviders should aim to perform deliveries <strong>within 5 minutes of the VAA creation, assuming blockchain liveness</strong>.</p>
|
|
<p>This creates a marketplace whereby providers can set different price levels and service guarantees. Delivery providers effectively accept the slippage risk premium of delivering your VAAs in exchange for a set fee rate. Thus, the providers agree to deliver your messages <strong>even if they have to do so at a loss</strong>.</p>
|
|
<p>Relay providers should set their prices such that they turn a profit on average, but not necessarily on every single transfer. Thus, some providers may choose to set higher rates for tighter guarantees, or lower rates for less stringent guarantees.</p>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h3 id="receiver-failures"><a class="header" href="#receiver-failures">Receiver Failures</a></h3>
|
|
<p>All deliveries should result in one of following four outcomes prior to the delivery timeframe of the delivery provider. These outcomes are emitted as EVM events from the WormholeRelayer contract when they occur.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Delivery Success</li>
|
|
<li>Receiver Failure</li>
|
|
<li>Forward Request Success (More on forwarding in a later section)</li>
|
|
<li>Forward Request Failure</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Receiver Failures are not a nebulous 'something went wrong' term in the Wormhole Core Relayer protocol. A delivery failure is a well-defined term which means that the selected provider <strong>performed the delivery, but the delivery was not able to be completed.</strong> There are only three causes for a delivery failure:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>the target contract does not implement the <code>IWormholeReceiver</code> interface</li>
|
|
<li>the target contract threw an exception or reverted during execution of <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code></li>
|
|
<li>the target contract exceeded the specified <code>gasLimit</code> while executing <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>All three of these scenarios should generally be avoidable by the integrator, and thus it is up to integrator to resolve them.</p>
|
|
<p>Any other senario which causes a delivery to not be performed should be considered an <strong>outage</strong> by some component of the system, including potentially the blockchains themselves.</p>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h3 id="redelivery"><a class="header" href="#redelivery">Redelivery</a></h3>
|
|
<p>What happens in the case of a delivery failure is up to you as the integrator. It is perfectly acceptable to just leave the delivery incomplete, if that's acceptable for your usecase.</p>
|
|
<p>However, in the scenario where you need to reattempt the delivery, there is a function specifically for this.</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-solidity">function resendExample() public payable {
|
|
//spelling out consts
|
|
IWormholeRelayer.VaaKey memory deliveryVaaKey = IWormholeRelayer.VaaKey({
|
|
chainId: SOURCE_CHAIN,
|
|
emitterAddress: EMITTER_ADDRESS, // address which requested the delivery, in Wormhole bytes32 format (for EVM addresses, left-padded with 12 zeros)
|
|
sequence: DELIVERY_SEQUENCE_NUMBER // return value from the send
|
|
});
|
|
uint16 targetChain = TARGET_CHAIN;
|
|
uint256 newReceiverValue = 0;
|
|
uint256 newGasLimit = 1000000;
|
|
|
|
(uint256 deliveryCost,) = relayer.quoteEVMDeliveryPrice(
|
|
targetChain,
|
|
newReceiverValue,
|
|
newGasLimit
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
relayer.resendToEvm{value: deliveryCost}(
|
|
deliveryVaaKey, targetChain, newReceiverValue, newGasLimit, relayer.getDefaultDeliveryProvider()
|
|
);
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Note: <strong>the requester must pay a second time in order to initiate the redelivery</strong>.</p>
|
|
<p>Also note: <strong>Redeliveries must not decrease the original gasLimit, receiverValue, or targetChainRefundPerGasUnused</strong></p>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h2 id="forwarding"><a class="header" href="#forwarding">Forwarding</a></h2>
|
|
<p>So far we've discussed how to perform a simple delivery from chain A to chain B. However, a fairly common scenario that you may encounter is that you may want to perform a multi-hop delivery from chain A to B to C, or to round-trip a delivery back to the source chain. Forwarding is a feature specifically designed to suit these use cases.</p>
|
|
<p>Forwarding is quite similar to a normal 'send' action, however it has a couple special traits.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Instead of calling <code>send</code>, you should call <code>forward</code>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p><code>forward</code> can only be called while a delivery is being executed (I.E, during execution of receiveWormholMessages), and can only be called by the contract which is receiving the delivery.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>When a forward is requested, the <code>refundAddress</code> of the delivery is ignored, and the refund is instead used to pay for the next delivery.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>You can add supplemental funds to cover the forwarding costs by passing additional tokens in msg.value.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>If the refund amount + supplemental funds do not cover the cost of the delivery, you will encounter a Forward Failure.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Forward Failures, just like Receiver Failures, revert the previous delivery</p>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="security--proper-usage"><a class="header" href="#security--proper-usage">Security & Proper Usage</a></h2>
|
|
<h3 id="validating-received-messages"><a class="header" href="#validating-received-messages">Validating Received Messages</a></h3>
|
|
<p>The array of <code>additionalVaas</code> which is passed to <code>receiveWormholeMessages</code> are non-validated VAAs. This means <em>you are responsible for validating these messages</em>. This is most commonly done by either calling <code>parseAndVerifyVM</code> on the Wormhole Core Contract, or by passing the VAA into another contract which will do its own verification. However, this design benefits you quite a few desireable security properties:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>Relayers are not trusted with payload content! If they were to modify the content of a payload during delivery, it would invalidate the signatures on the delivery VAA, which the WormholeRelayer contract checks before delivering the message. This means, as long as you restrict the receiveWormholeMessage to only be called by the WormholeRelayer contract, relayers are only trusted for <strong>liveness</strong>.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>There are also very few trust assumptions placed on the WormholeRelayer contract. The WormholeRelayer contract only enforces a few protections, such as that refunds are correctly paid out</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>However, as always with smart contract development, there are some things you should be aware of:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Deliveries can potentially be performed multiple times, and redeliveries for any delivery can be requested by anyone. If you need replay protection on your deliveries, you will have to enforce it yourself. One common methodology for replay protection is simply to store a map of 'deliveryHash' to boolean in your contract state, and check that 'deliveryHash' doesn't already exist in this map.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<h2 id="tricks-tips-and-common-solutions"><a class="header" href="#tricks-tips-and-common-solutions">Tricks, Tips, and Common Solutions</a></h2>
|
|
<br />
|
|
<h3 id="safe-round-trips"><a class="header" href="#safe-round-trips">Safe Round-Trips</a></h3>
|
|
<p>A very common scenario for Hub-and-Spoke style applications is to want to round-trip a delivery from a Spoke chain to the Hub chain and then back. In this case, it's generally a good idea to set <code>receiverValue</code> to be what you expect the price of the second leg of the delivery will be (in Hub-chain currency) and then perform a <code>forward</code>, passing in receiverValue as msg.value, from the Hub chain with the end-user's wallet set to the <code>refundAddress</code>. Thus the end user is ultimately returned all unused funds.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="bridging-multiple-tokens"><a class="header" href="#bridging-multiple-tokens">Bridging Multiple Tokens</a></h3>
|
|
<p>Because the WormholeRelayer can handle delivery of multiple messages, you can call the Token Bridge module multiple times and have 'vaaKeys' identify the resulting VAAs, and then these VAAs will be included in the delivery array. This is great for scenarios where an action results in tokens being sent to two different locations, or multiple tokens needing to be sent atomically.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="faster-than-finality-transfers"><a class="header" href="#faster-than-finality-transfers">Faster-than-finality transfers</a></h3>
|
|
<p>One of the primary features of the WormholeRelayer protocol is that messages can be delivered faster than finality so long as the DeliveryProvider supports it. Normally the Token Bridge module can only transfer tokens once finality has been reached on a chain. However, with the WormholeRelayer protocol, you could potentially initiate two transfers in the same transaction.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>The first transfer sends funds instantly from a liqudity source, so that the end user receives their funds quickly.</li>
|
|
<li>The second transfer sends funds via the Token Bridge to reimburse the liquidity source on the <code>targetChain</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Beware, the second transfer may never arrive if there is a rollback on the <code>sourceChain</code>. However, this risk can be managed if the primary concern is to provide users with a smooth user experience.</p>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
<br/>
|
|
|
|
</main>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
|
<a rel="prev" href="../../technical/evm/nftLayer.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous"
|
|
title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a rel="next" href="../../technical/evm/bestPractices.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next"
|
|
title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|
<a rel="prev" href="../../technical/evm/nftLayer.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter"
|
|
aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a rel="next" href="../../technical/evm/bestPractices.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter"
|
|
aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
window.playground_copyable = true;
|
|
</script>
|
|
<script src="../../elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../../mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../../searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../../clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../../highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../src/static/solidity.min.js"></script>
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html> |