320 lines
64 KiB
HTML
320 lines
64 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
|
<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js ayu">
|
|
|
|
<head>
|
|
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
<title>Guardian Network - Wormhole Development Book</title>
|
|
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
|
|
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
|
<meta name="description" content="">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
|
|
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
|
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">
|
|
<!-- Fonts -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">
|
|
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css">
|
|
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
|
|
</head>
|
|
|
|
<body>
|
|
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var path_to_root = "../";
|
|
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "ayu";
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
try {
|
|
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
|
|
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
|
|
|
|
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
|
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
|
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
|
|
}
|
|
} catch (e) { }
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var theme;
|
|
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch (e) { }
|
|
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|
html.classList.remove('no-js')
|
|
html.classList.remove('ayu')
|
|
html.classList.add(theme);
|
|
html.classList.add('js');
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|
var sidebar = 'hidden';
|
|
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
|
|
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch (e) { }
|
|
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
|
|
}
|
|
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
|
|
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
|
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
|
<a href="/" class="logo">
|
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 600 110" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet">
|
|
<defs>
|
|
<clipPath id="__lottie_element_594">
|
|
<rect width="600" height="110" x="0" y="0"></rect>
|
|
</clipPath>
|
|
<mask id="__lottie_element_596">
|
|
<path fill="#ffffff" clip-rule="nonzero"
|
|
d="M0,0 h600 v110 h-600 v-110 M0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 C0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 C0,-0.014000000432133675 0,0.9950000047683716 0,0.9950000047683716 C0,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 C0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675"
|
|
fill-opacity="1"></path>
|
|
</mask>
|
|
<filter id="__lottie_element_597">
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
</filter>
|
|
<mask id="__lottie_element_599">
|
|
<path fill="#ffffff" clip-rule="nonzero"
|
|
d="M0,0 h600 v110 h-600 v-110 M0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 C0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 0,-0.014000000432133675 C0,-0.014000000432133675 0,0.9950000047683716 0,0.9950000047683716 C0,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 C0.1770000010728836,0.9950000047683716 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675 0.1770000010728836,-0.014000000432133675"
|
|
fill-opacity="1"></path>
|
|
</mask>
|
|
<filter id="__lottie_element_600">
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
<feColorMatrix type="matrix" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB"
|
|
values="0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0"></feColorMatrix>
|
|
</filter>
|
|
</defs>
|
|
<g clip-path="url(#__lottie_element_594)">
|
|
<g mask="url(#__lottie_element_596)" filter="url(#__lottie_element_597)"
|
|
transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,6.5,3)" opacity="1" style="display: block;">
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,51.62099838256836,51.57899856567383)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,51.57899856567383 C-13.680000305175781,51.56999969482422 -26.79800033569336,46.13399887084961 -36.47600173950195,36.46500015258789 C-46.15299987792969,26.79599952697754 -51.599998474121094,13.682999610900879 -51.62099838256836,0.003000000026077032 C-51.599998474121094,-13.678000450134277 -46.15299987792969,-26.79199981689453 -36.47600173950195,-36.46200180053711 C-26.798999786376953,-46.13100051879883 -13.680999755859375,-51.56800079345703 0,-51.57899856567383 C13.680999755859375,-51.56800079345703 26.798999786376953,-46.13100051879883 36.47600173950195,-36.46200180053711 C46.15399932861328,-26.79199981689453 51.599998474121094,-13.678000450134277 51.62099838256836,0.003000000026077032 C51.599998474121094,13.682999610900879 46.15299987792969,26.79599952697754 36.47600173950195,36.46500015258789 C26.79800033569336,46.13399887084961 13.680000305175781,51.56999969482422 0,51.57899856567383z M0,-47.608001708984375 C-12.628000259399414,-47.5989990234375 -24.73699951171875,-42.582000732421875 -33.66999816894531,-33.65599822998047 C-42.60300064086914,-24.729999542236328 -47.63100051879883,-12.625 -47.650001525878906,0.003000000026077032 C-47.63800048828125,12.631999969482422 -42.61199951171875,24.740999221801758 -33.676998138427734,33.66600036621094 C-24.743000030517578,42.59299850463867 -12.628999710083008,47.606998443603516 0,47.606998443603516 C12.630000114440918,47.606998443603516 24.743000030517578,42.59299850463867 33.678001403808594,33.66600036621094 C42.612998962402344,24.740999221801758 47.63800048828125,12.631999969482422 47.650001525878906,0.003000000026077032 C47.63100051879883,-12.625 42.604000091552734,-24.729999542236328 33.66999816894531,-33.65599822998047 C24.73699951171875,-42.582000732421875 12.628000259399414,-47.5989990234375 0,-47.608001708984375z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,58.14699935913086,52.26499938964844)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0.0010000000474974513,42.733001708984375 C-11.333000183105469,42.724998474121094 -22.20199966430664,38.22100067138672 -30.2189998626709,30.208999633789062 C-38.236000061035156,22.197999954223633 -42.74800109863281,11.333999633789062 -42.76599884033203,0 C-42.74800109863281,-11.333999633789062 -38.236000061035156,-22.197999954223633 -30.2189998626709,-30.209999084472656 C-22.20199966430664,-38.220001220703125 -11.333000183105469,-42.724998474121094 0.0010000000474974513,-42.733001708984375 C11.333999633789062,-42.724998474121094 22.201000213623047,-38.220001220703125 30.2189998626709,-30.209999084472656 C38.236000061035156,-22.197999954223633 42.749000549316406,-11.333999633789062 42.76599884033203,0 C42.749000549316406,11.333999633789062 38.236000061035156,22.197999954223633 30.2189998626709,30.208999633789062 C22.201000213623047,38.22100067138672 11.333999633789062,42.724998474121094 0.0010000000474974513,42.733001708984375z M0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805 C-10.515000343322754,-39.63999938964844 -20.597999572753906,-35.46099853515625 -28.035999298095703,-28.027999877929688 C-35.4739990234375,-20.594999313354492 -39.65999984741211,-10.515000343322754 -39.67599868774414,0 C-39.65800094604492,10.515000343322754 -35.47100067138672,20.591999053955078 -28.034000396728516,28.023000717163086 C-20.59600067138672,35.45500183105469 -10.512999534606934,39.63399887084961 0.0010000000474974513,39.643001556396484 C10.515000343322754,39.63399887084961 20.59600067138672,35.45500183105469 28.034000396728516,28.023000717163086 C35.47200012207031,20.591999053955078 39.659000396728516,10.515000343322754 39.67599868774414,0 C39.659000396728516,-10.513999938964844 35.47200012207031,-20.591999053955078 28.034000396728516,-28.02400016784668 C20.59600067138672,-35.45600128173828 10.515000343322754,-39.63399887084961 0.0010000000474974513,-39.643001556396484 C0.0010000000474974513,-39.643001556396484 0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805 0.0010000000474974513,-39.64899826049805z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,64.6719970703125,52.957000732421875)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,33.8849983215332 C-8.987000465393066,33.87900161743164 -17.604000091552734,30.305999755859375 -23.961999893188477,23.95400047302246 C-30.319000244140625,17.60099983215332 -33.89699935913086,8.98799991607666 -33.9109992980957,0.0010000000474974513 C-33.89699935913086,-8.986000061035156 -30.319000244140625,-17.601999282836914 -23.961999893188477,-23.95400047302246 C-17.604000091552734,-30.305999755859375 -8.987000465393066,-33.87799835205078 0,-33.8849983215332 C8.98799991607666,-33.880001068115234 17.606000900268555,-30.30900001525879 23.96299934387207,-23.95599937438965 C30.320999145507812,-17.60300064086914 33.89899826049805,-8.987000465393066 33.9109992980957,0.0010000000474974513 C33.89699935913086,8.98799991607666 30.319000244140625,17.60099983215332 23.961000442504883,23.95400047302246 C17.604000091552734,30.305999755859375 8.987000465393066,33.87900161743164 0,33.8849983215332z M0,-31.680999755859375 C-8.402999877929688,-31.676000595092773 -16.461000442504883,-28.336999893188477 -22.405000686645508,-22.398000717163086 C-28.350000381469727,-16.45800018310547 -31.69499969482422,-8.402999877929688 -31.70800018310547,0 C-31.69300079345703,8.402000427246094 -28.347000122070312,16.45599937438965 -22.402999877929688,22.393999099731445 C-16.458999633789062,28.332000732421875 -8.402000427246094,31.66900062561035 0,31.673999786376953 C8.402000427246094,31.66900062561035 16.458999633789062,28.332000732421875 22.402999877929688,22.393999099731445 C28.347000122070312,16.45599937438965 31.69300079345703,8.402000427246094 31.70800018310547,0 C31.69499969482422,-8.402999877929688 28.350000381469727,-16.45800018310547 22.405000686645508,-22.398000717163086 C16.461000442504883,-28.336999893188477 8.402999877929688,-31.676000595092773 0,-31.680999755859375z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,71.1969985961914,53.64400100708008)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M0,25.040000915527344 C-6.639999866485596,25.03499984741211 -13.006999969482422,22.393999099731445 -17.704999923706055,17.701000213623047 C-22.402000427246094,13.008000373840332 -25.045000076293945,6.642000198364258 -25.055999755859375,0.003000000026077032 C-25.047000885009766,-6.638999938964844 -22.40399932861328,-13.005000114440918 -17.707000732421875,-17.698999404907227 C-13.008999824523926,-22.395000457763672 -6.640999794006348,-25.03499984741211 0,-25.040000915527344 C6.642000198364258,-25.03499984741211 13.010000228881836,-22.395000457763672 17.707000732421875,-17.698999404907227 C22.405000686645508,-13.005000114440918 25.047000885009766,-6.638999938964844 25.055999755859375,0.003000000026077032 C25.04599952697754,6.642000198364258 22.402000427246094,13.008000373840332 17.704999923706055,17.701000213623047 C13.008000373840332,22.393999099731445 6.640999794006348,25.03499984741211 0,25.040000915527344z M0,-23.716999053955078 C-6.289999961853027,-23.711999893188477 -12.321000099182129,-21.209999084472656 -16.770999908447266,-16.763999938964844 C-21.219999313354492,-12.317000389099121 -23.724000930786133,-6.288000106811523 -23.73200035095215,0.003000000026077032 C-23.722000122070312,6.291999816894531 -21.216999053955078,12.321000099182129 -16.768999099731445,16.766000747680664 C-12.319000244140625,21.211999893188477 -6.289000034332275,23.709999084472656 0,23.715999603271484 C6.289999961853027,23.709999084472656 12.319999694824219,21.211999893188477 16.768999099731445,16.766000747680664 C21.218000411987305,12.321000099182129 23.722000122070312,6.291999816894531 23.73200035095215,0.003000000026077032 C23.724000930786133,-6.288000106811523 21.22100067138672,-12.317000389099121 16.770999908447266,-16.763999938964844 C12.321999549865723,-21.209999084472656 6.290999889373779,-23.711999893188477 0,-23.716999053955078z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g mask="url(#__lottie_element_599)" filter="url(#__lottie_element_600)"
|
|
transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,6.5,3)" opacity="1" style="display: block;">
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,165.5959930419922,50.316001892089844)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M26.5310001373291,-18.825000762939453 C26.5310001373291,-18.825000762939453 12.987000465393066,19.18199920654297 12.987000465393066,19.18199920654297 C12.925000190734863,19.364999771118164 12.803000450134277,19.523000717163086 12.640000343322754,19.6299991607666 C12.47700023651123,19.73699951171875 12.282999992370605,19.785999298095703 12.08899974822998,19.770999908447266 C12.08899974822998,19.770999908447266 11.062000274658203,19.770999908447266 11.062000274658203,19.770999908447266 C10.866999626159668,19.77899932861328 10.673999786376953,19.72599983215332 10.510000228881836,19.6200008392334 C10.347000122070312,19.514999389648438 10.220000267028809,19.36199951171875 10.147000312805176,19.18199920654297 C10.147000312805176,19.18199920654297 -0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 -0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 C-0.007000000216066837,-7.4730000495910645 -10.144000053405762,19.18199920654297 -10.144000053405762,19.18199920654297 C-10.211000442504883,19.36199951171875 -10.335000038146973,19.516000747680664 -10.496000289916992,19.621999740600586 C-10.657999992370605,19.72800064086914 -10.848999977111816,19.780000686645508 -11.043000221252441,19.770999908447266 C-11.043000221252441,19.770999908447266 -12.086000442504883,19.770999908447266 -12.086000442504883,19.770999908447266 C-12.279000282287598,19.7810001373291 -12.470999717712402,19.729999542236328 -12.633000373840332,19.624000549316406 C-12.795000076293945,19.51799964904785 -12.918000221252441,19.363000869750977 -12.984000205993652,19.18199920654297 C-12.984000205993652,19.18199920654297 -26.527999877929688,-18.812000274658203 -26.527999877929688,-18.812000274658203 C-26.736000061035156,-19.400999069213867 -26.511999130249023,-19.766000747680664 -25.934999465942383,-19.766000747680664 C-25.934999465942383,-19.766000747680664 -21.743000030517578,-19.766000747680664 -21.743000030517578,-19.766000747680664 C-21.54599952697754,-19.78499984741211 -21.347999572753906,-19.73900032043457 -21.180999755859375,-19.631999969482422 C-21.014999389648438,-19.524999618530273 -20.889999389648438,-19.364999771118164 -20.827999114990234,-19.17799949645996 C-20.827999114990234,-19.17799949645996 -11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 -11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 C-11.173999786376953,9.597999572753906 -1.3580000400543213,-16.7549991607666 -1.3580000400543213,-16.7549991607666 C-1.2879999876022339,-16.937000274658203 -1.1610000133514404,-17.090999603271484 -0.996999979019165,-17.19700050354004 C-0.8320000171661377,-17.30299949645996 -0.6389999985694885,-17.354000091552734 -0.4429999887943268,-17.3439998626709 C-0.4429999887943268,-17.3439998626709 0.4390000104904175,-17.3439998626709 0.4390000104904175,-17.3439998626709 C0.6330000162124634,-17.354000091552734 0.8240000009536743,-17.301000595092773 0.9860000014305115,-17.19499969482422 C1.1480000019073486,-17.089000701904297 1.2710000276565552,-16.93600082397461 1.3380000591278076,-16.7549991607666 C1.3380000591278076,-16.7549991607666 11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 C11.444999694824219,9.597999572753906 20.874000549316406,-19.17799949645996 20.874000549316406,-19.17799949645996 C20.937000274658203,-19.364999771118164 21.06100082397461,-19.524999618530273 21.22800064086914,-19.631999969482422 C21.393999099731445,-19.73900032043457 21.591999053955078,-19.78499984741211 21.790000915527344,-19.766000747680664 C21.790000915527344,-19.766000747680664 25.917999267578125,-19.766000747680664 25.917999267578125,-19.766000747680664 C26.51099967956543,-19.766000747680664 26.736000061035156,-19.400999069213867 26.527999877929688,-18.825000762939453">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,230.92799377441406,49.98500061035156)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M20.148000717163086,0.017999999225139618 C20.110000610351562,3.931999921798706 18.905000686645508,7.747000217437744 16.68600082397461,10.984000205993652 C14.467000007629395,14.220000267028809 11.333000183105469,16.732999801635742 7.677999973297119,18.20400047302246 C4.021999835968018,19.677000045776367 0.009999999776482582,20.042999267578125 -3.8540000915527344,19.256999969482422 C-7.7179999351501465,18.469999313354492 -11.26099967956543,16.566999435424805 -14.03600025177002,13.78600025177002 C-16.812000274658203,11.003999710083008 -18.69700050354004,7.46999979019165 -19.452999114990234,3.628000020980835 C-20.208999633789062,-0.21299999952316284 -19.80299949645996,-4.191999912261963 -18.28499984741211,-7.804999828338623 C-16.767000198364258,-11.418000221252441 -14.204999923706055,-14.505000114440918 -10.92300033569336,-16.676000595092773 C-7.639999866485596,-18.847000122070312 -3.7839999198913574,-20.0049991607666 0.16099999845027924,-20.0049991607666 C2.812000036239624,-20.04199981689453 5.443999767303467,-19.548999786376953 7.8979997634887695,-18.55299949645996 C10.352999687194824,-17.558000564575195 12.579000473022461,-16.08099937438965 14.444999694824219,-14.211999893188477 C16.31100082397461,-12.342000007629395 17.777999877929688,-10.119000434875488 18.757999420166016,-7.673999786376953 C19.73699951171875,-5.229000091552734 20.209999084472656,-2.611999988555908 20.148000717163086,0.017999999225139618z M14.604999542236328,0.017999999225139618 C14.604999542236328,-9.196000099182129 8.54800033569336,-15.543999671936035 0.16099999845027924,-15.543999671936035 C-8.22599983215332,-15.543999671936035 -14.281000137329102,-9.196000099182129 -14.281000137329102,0.017999999225139618 C-14.281000137329102,9.232999801635742 -8.22599983215332,15.579000473022461 0.16099999845027924,15.579000473022461 C8.54800033569336,15.579000473022461 14.604999542236328,9.232999801635742 14.604999542236328,0.017999999225139618z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,289.0769958496094,50.01300048828125)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156 C15.052000045776367,18.006999969482422 15.133000373840332,18.190000534057617 15.154000282287598,18.382999420166016 C15.175999641418457,18.576000213623047 15.137999534606934,18.770000457763672 15.045999526977539,18.94099998474121 C14.95300006866455,19.11199951171875 14.810999870300293,19.250999450683594 14.63700008392334,19.34000015258789 C14.46399974822998,19.429000854492188 14.267000198364258,19.46299934387207 14.072999954223633,19.43899917602539 C14.072999954223633,19.43899917602539 10.29699993133545,19.43899917602539 10.29699993133545,19.43899917602539 C10.173999786376953,19.434999465942383 10.055000305175781,19.402000427246094 9.947999954223633,19.34000015258789 C9.842000007629395,19.280000686645508 9.75100040435791,19.194000244140625 9.685999870300293,19.089000701904297 C9.685999870300293,19.089000701904297 0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 C0.20999999344348907,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 C-9.973999977111816,4.900000095367432 -9.973999977111816,18.643999099731445 -9.973999977111816,18.643999099731445 C-9.97700023651123,18.854999542236328 -10.062000274658203,19.055999755859375 -10.211999893188477,19.20599937438965 C-10.362000465393066,19.354999542236328 -10.567000389099121,19.440000534057617 -10.779000282287598,19.44300079345703 C-10.779000282287598,19.44300079345703 -14.467000007629395,19.44300079345703 -14.467000007629395,19.44300079345703 C-14.678999900817871,19.43899917602539 -14.880999565124512,19.35300064086914 -15.031000137329102,19.20400047302246 C-15.180999755859375,19.054000854492188 -15.265999794006348,18.854000091552734 -15.267999649047852,18.643999099731445 C-15.267999649047852,18.643999099731445 -15.267999649047852,-18.663000106811523 -15.267999649047852,-18.663000106811523 C-15.265000343322754,-18.874000549316406 -15.180000305175781,-19.075000762939453 -15.031000137329102,-19.224000930786133 C-14.881999969482422,-19.37299919128418 -14.678999900817871,-19.458999633789062 -14.467000007629395,-19.46299934387207 C-14.467000007629395,-19.46299934387207 0.039000000804662704,-19.46299934387207 0.039000000804662704,-19.46299934387207 C10.192000389099121,-19.46299934387207 15.206000328063965,-14.168000221252441 15.206000328063965,-7.2829999923706055 C15.267999649047852,-4.546999931335449 14.340999603271484,-1.878999948501587 12.593999862670898,0.23800000548362732 C10.847000122070312,2.3550000190734863 8.395000457763672,3.7820000648498535 5.679999828338623,4.260000228881836 C5.679999828338623,4.260000228881836 14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156 14.923999786376953,17.861000061035156z M-0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836 C6.98799991607666,0.43799999356269836 9.668999671936035,-2.8480000495910645 9.668999671936035,-7.28000020980835 C9.668999671936035,-11.711999893188477 6.98799991607666,-14.996999740600586 -0.9959999918937683,-14.996999740600586 C-0.9959999918937683,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 C-9.977999687194824,-14.996999740600586 -9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 -9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 C-9.977999687194824,0.43799999356269836 -0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836 -0.9959999918937683,0.43799999356269836z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,347.6789855957031,49.689998626708984)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M18.70400047302246,-19.766000747680664 C18.70400047302246,-19.766000747680664 19.908000946044922,-19.766000747680664 19.908000946044922,-19.766000747680664 C20.016000747680664,-19.773000717163086 20.12299919128418,-19.756999969482422 20.225000381469727,-19.7189998626709 C20.325000762939453,-19.68199920654297 20.416000366210938,-19.62299919128418 20.493000030517578,-19.547000885009766 C20.569000244140625,-19.472000122070312 20.628000259399414,-19.381000518798828 20.666000366210938,-19.2810001373291 C20.70400047302246,-19.180999755859375 20.72100067138672,-19.073999404907227 20.71299934387207,-18.966999053955078 C20.71299934387207,-18.966999053955078 20.71299934387207,18.9689998626709 20.71299934387207,18.9689998626709 C20.72100067138672,19.075000762939453 20.70400047302246,19.183000564575195 20.666000366210938,19.283000946044922 C20.628000259399414,19.382999420166016 20.569000244140625,19.472999572753906 20.493000030517578,19.548999786376953 C20.416000366210938,19.624000549316406 20.325000762939453,19.683000564575195 20.225000381469727,19.72100067138672 C20.12299919128418,19.757999420166016 20.016000747680664,19.774999618530273 19.908000946044922,19.76799964904785 C19.908000946044922,19.76799964904785 16.22100067138672,19.76799964904785 16.22100067138672,19.76799964904785 C16.11199951171875,19.774999618530273 16.003999710083008,19.757999420166016 15.904000282287598,19.72100067138672 C15.803999900817871,19.683000564575195 15.711000442504883,19.624000549316406 15.63599967956543,19.548999786376953 C15.559000015258789,19.472999572753906 15.5,19.382999420166016 15.461999893188477,19.283000946044922 C15.423999786376953,19.183000564575195 15.407999992370605,19.075000762939453 15.414999961853027,18.9689998626709 C15.414999961853027,18.9689998626709 15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 C15.414999961853027,-7.9629998207092285 0.5540000200271606,13.385000228881836 0.5540000200271606,13.385000228881836 C0.5040000081062317,13.489999771118164 0.4269999861717224,13.579000473022461 0.328000009059906,13.642999649047852 C0.2290000021457672,13.704999923706055 0.11500000208616257,13.73799991607666 -0.0020000000949949026,13.73799991607666 C-0.11900000274181366,13.73799991607666 -0.2329999953508377,13.704999923706055 -0.3319999873638153,13.642999649047852 C-0.4300000071525574,13.579000473022461 -0.5090000033378601,13.489999771118164 -0.5569999814033508,13.385000228881836 C-0.5569999814033508,13.385000228881836 -15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 -15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 C-15.416000366210938,-7.9629998207092285 -15.416000366210938,18.96500015258789 -15.416000366210938,18.96500015258789 C-15.409000396728516,19.07200050354004 -15.425000190734863,19.18000030517578 -15.463000297546387,19.27899932861328 C-15.50100040435791,19.3799991607666 -15.5600004196167,19.47100067138672 -15.63599967956543,19.54599952697754 C-15.711999893188477,19.621999740600586 -15.803999900817871,19.68000030517578 -15.904000282287598,19.716999053955078 C-16.0049991607666,19.7549991607666 -16.11199951171875,19.770999908447266 -16.22100067138672,19.763999938964844 C-16.22100067138672,19.763999938964844 -19.909000396728516,19.763999938964844 -19.909000396728516,19.763999938964844 C-20.017000198364258,19.770999908447266 -20.124000549316406,19.7549991607666 -20.225000381469727,19.716999053955078 C-20.326000213623047,19.68000030517578 -20.41699981689453,19.621999740600586 -20.493999481201172,19.54599952697754 C-20.569000244140625,19.47100067138672 -20.628999710083008,19.3799991607666 -20.66699981689453,19.27899932861328 C-20.704999923706055,19.18000030517578 -20.72100067138672,19.07200050354004 -20.714000701904297,18.96500015258789 C-20.714000701904297,18.96500015258789 -20.714000701904297,-18.97100067138672 -20.714000701904297,-18.97100067138672 C-20.72100067138672,-19.077999114990234 -20.704999923706055,-19.18400001525879 -20.66699981689453,-19.284000396728516 C-20.628999710083008,-19.384000778198242 -20.569000244140625,-19.475000381469727 -20.493999481201172,-19.551000595092773 C-20.41699981689453,-19.625999450683594 -20.326000213623047,-19.684999465942383 -20.225000381469727,-19.722999572753906 C-20.124000549316406,-19.760000228881836 -20.017000198364258,-19.775999069213867 -19.909000396728516,-19.768999099731445 C-19.909000396728516,-19.768999099731445 -18.7189998626709,-19.768999099731445 -18.7189998626709,-19.768999099731445 C-18.518999099731445,-19.76799964904785 -18.320999145507812,-19.7189998626709 -18.14699935913086,-19.624000549316406 C-17.97100067138672,-19.52899932861328 -17.820999145507812,-19.39299964904785 -17.71299934387207,-19.226999282836914 C-17.71299934387207,-19.226999282836914 -0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 -0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 C-0.007000000216066837,5.309000015258789 17.711999893188477,-19.226999282836914 17.711999893188477,-19.226999282836914 C17.815000534057617,-19.392000198364258 17.959999084472656,-19.527000427246094 18.131000518798828,-19.621999740600586 C18.30299949645996,-19.716999053955078 18.4950008392334,-19.76799964904785 18.69099998474121,-19.768999099731445">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,410.510986328125,50.000999450683594)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M17.5,-18.652000427246094 C17.5,-18.652000427246094 17.5,18.652000427246094 17.5,18.652000427246094 C17.496000289916992,18.863000869750977 17.40999984741211,19.06399917602539 17.260000228881836,19.214000701904297 C17.108999252319336,19.36199951171875 16.9060001373291,19.447999954223633 16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 C16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 C12.793000221252441,19.447999954223633 12.59000015258789,19.36199951171875 12.4399995803833,19.214000701904297 C12.289999961853027,19.06399917602539 12.204999923706055,18.863000869750977 12.20199966430664,18.652000427246094 C12.20199966430664,18.652000427246094 12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 C12.20199966430664,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 C-12.201000213623047,1.6579999923706055 -12.201000213623047,18.652000427246094 -12.201000213623047,18.652000427246094 C-12.204999923706055,18.863000869750977 -12.291000366210938,19.06399917602539 -12.4399995803833,19.214000701904297 C-12.590999603271484,19.36199951171875 -12.793000221252441,19.447999954223633 -13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 C-13.005000114440918,19.451000213623047 -16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 -16.694000244140625,19.451000213623047 C-16.9060001373291,19.447999954223633 -17.107999801635742,19.36199951171875 -17.259000778198242,19.214000701904297 C-17.409000396728516,19.06399917602539 -17.496000289916992,18.863000869750977 -17.5,18.652000427246094 C-17.5,18.652000427246094 -17.5,-18.652000427246094 -17.5,-18.652000427246094 C-17.496000289916992,-18.863000869750977 -17.409000396728516,-19.062999725341797 -17.259000778198242,-19.211999893188477 C-17.107999801635742,-19.361000061035156 -16.9060001373291,-19.44700050354004 -16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 C-16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 -13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 -13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 C-12.793000221252441,-19.44700050354004 -12.590999603271484,-19.361000061035156 -12.4399995803833,-19.211999893188477 C-12.291000366210938,-19.062999725341797 -12.204999923706055,-18.863000869750977 -12.201000213623047,-18.652000427246094 C-12.201000213623047,-18.652000427246094 -12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 -12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 C-12.201000213623047,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 C12.20199966430664,-2.805000066757202 12.20199966430664,-18.652000427246094 12.20199966430664,-18.652000427246094 C12.204999923706055,-18.863000869750977 12.289999961853027,-19.062999725341797 12.4399995803833,-19.211999893188477 C12.59000015258789,-19.361000061035156 12.793000221252441,-19.44700050354004 13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 C13.005000114440918,-19.451000213623047 16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 16.694000244140625,-19.451000213623047 C16.9060001373291,-19.44700050354004 17.108999252319336,-19.361000061035156 17.260000228881836,-19.211999893188477 C17.40999984741211,-19.062999725341797 17.496000289916992,-18.863000869750977 17.5,-18.652000427246094z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,470.5679931640625,49.98500061035156)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M20.14699935913086,0.017999999225139618 C20.108999252319336,3.931999921798706 18.905000686645508,7.747000217437744 16.68600082397461,10.984000205993652 C14.467000007629395,14.220000267028809 11.333000183105469,16.732999801635742 7.677999973297119,18.20400047302246 C4.0229997634887695,19.677000045776367 0.009999999776482582,20.042999267578125 -3.8540000915527344,19.256999969482422 C-7.7179999351501465,18.469999313354492 -11.26099967956543,16.566999435424805 -14.036999702453613,13.78600025177002 C-16.812999725341797,11.003999710083008 -18.697999954223633,7.46999979019165 -19.45400047302246,3.628000020980835 C-20.208999633789062,-0.21299999952316284 -19.80299949645996,-4.191999912261963 -18.28499984741211,-7.804999828338623 C-16.767000198364258,-11.418000221252441 -14.204999923706055,-14.505000114440918 -10.92300033569336,-16.676000595092773 C-7.639999866485596,-18.847000122070312 -3.7839999198913574,-20.0049991607666 0.16099999845027924,-20.0049991607666 C2.812000036239624,-20.04199981689453 5.442999839782715,-19.548999786376953 7.8979997634887695,-18.55299949645996 C10.35200023651123,-17.558000564575195 12.579000473022461,-16.08099937438965 14.444000244140625,-14.211999893188477 C16.309999465942383,-12.342000007629395 17.777000427246094,-10.119000434875488 18.756999969482422,-7.673999786376953 C19.73699951171875,-5.229000091552734 20.208999633789062,-2.611999988555908 20.14699935913086,0.017999999225139618z M14.604000091552734,0.017999999225139618 C14.604000091552734,-9.196000099182129 8.54800033569336,-15.543999671936035 0.16099999845027924,-15.543999671936035 C-8.22599983215332,-15.543999671936035 -14.281999588012695,-9.196000099182129 -14.281999588012695,0.017999999225139618 C-14.281999588012695,9.232999801635742 -8.22599983215332,15.579000473022461 0.16099999845027924,15.579000473022461 C8.54800033569336,15.579000473022461 14.604000091552734,9.232999801635742 14.604000091552734,0.017999999225139618z">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,527.3350219726562,50.00400161743164)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M13.864999771118164,15.779999732971191 C13.864999771118164,15.779999732971191 13.864999771118164,18.648000717163086 13.864999771118164,18.648000717163086 C13.871999740600586,18.756000518798828 13.854999542236328,18.86199951171875 13.817000389099121,18.961999893188477 C13.779000282287598,19.062000274658203 13.718999862670898,19.152999877929688 13.642999649047852,19.22800064086914 C13.567000389099121,19.304000854492188 13.475000381469727,19.363000869750977 13.375,19.399999618530273 C13.27400016784668,19.437999725341797 13.166999816894531,19.45400047302246 13.057999610900879,19.44700050354004 C13.057999610900879,19.44700050354004 -13.07699966430664,19.44700050354004 -13.07699966430664,19.44700050354004 C-13.288999557495117,19.444000244140625 -13.491999626159668,19.357999801635742 -13.642000198364258,19.209999084472656 C-13.791999816894531,19.059999465942383 -13.878000259399414,18.858999252319336 -13.881999969482422,18.648000717163086 C-13.881999969482422,18.648000717163086 -13.881999969482422,-18.655000686645508 -13.881999969482422,-18.655000686645508 C-13.878000259399414,-18.865999221801758 -13.791999816894531,-19.066999435424805 -13.642000198364258,-19.215999603271484 C-13.491999626159668,-19.364999771118164 -13.288999557495117,-19.450000762939453 -13.07699966430664,-19.45400047302246 C-13.07699966430664,-19.45400047302246 -9.387999534606934,-19.45400047302246 -9.387999534606934,-19.45400047302246 C-9.175999641418457,-19.448999404907227 -8.973999977111816,-19.36400032043457 -8.824999809265137,-19.21500015258789 C-8.675000190734863,-19.06599998474121 -8.59000015258789,-18.865999221801758 -8.586999893188477,-18.655000686645508 C-8.586999893188477,-18.655000686645508 -8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 -8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 C-8.586999893188477,14.980999946594238 13.069000244140625,14.980999946594238 13.069000244140625,14.980999946594238 C13.177000045776367,14.973999977111816 13.284000396728516,14.991000175476074 13.385000228881836,15.027999877929688 C13.486000061035156,15.065999984741211 13.57699966430664,15.125 13.654000282287598,15.199999809265137 C13.729999542236328,15.276000022888184 13.788999557495117,15.366999626159668 13.82699966430664,15.467000007629395 C13.864999771118164,15.565999984741211 13.880999565124512,15.673999786376953 13.87399959564209,15.779999732971191">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
<g opacity="1" transform="matrix(1,0,0,1,577.2100219726562,49.99800109863281)">
|
|
<path fill="rgb(0,0,0)" fill-opacity="1"
|
|
d=" M14.913000106811523,15.784000396728516 C14.913000106811523,15.784000396728516 14.913000106811523,18.652000427246094 14.913000106811523,18.652000427246094 C14.920000076293945,18.759000778198242 14.902999877929688,18.864999771118164 14.864999771118164,18.96500015258789 C14.82699966430664,19.06399917602539 14.767999649047852,19.1560001373291 14.692999839782715,19.23200035095215 C14.616000175476074,19.30699920654297 14.524999618530273,19.365999221801758 14.423999786376953,19.40399932861328 C14.322999954223633,19.44099998474121 14.21500015258789,19.45800018310547 14.107000350952148,19.451000213623047 C14.107000350952148,19.451000213623047 -14.116999626159668,19.451000213623047 -14.116999626159668,19.451000213623047 C-14.329000473022461,19.44700050354004 -14.531999588012695,19.36199951171875 -14.682000160217285,19.21299934387207 C-14.831999778747559,19.06399917602539 -14.918000221252441,18.863000869750977 -14.92199993133545,18.652000427246094 C-14.92199993133545,18.652000427246094 -14.92199993133545,-18.652000427246094 -14.92199993133545,-18.652000427246094 C-14.918000221252441,-18.86199951171875 -14.831999778747559,-19.065000534057617 -14.682000160217285,-19.214000701904297 C-14.531999588012695,-19.363000869750977 -14.329000473022461,-19.447999954223633 -14.116999626159668,-19.451000213623047 C-14.116999626159668,-19.451000213623047 13.468000411987305,-19.451000213623047 13.468000411987305,-19.451000213623047 C13.574999809265137,-19.45800018310547 13.682999610900879,-19.44099998474121 13.784000396728516,-19.40399932861328 C13.885000228881836,-19.365999221801758 13.97599983215332,-19.30699920654297 14.052000045776367,-19.23200035095215 C14.128000259399414,-19.1560001373291 14.185999870300293,-19.065000534057617 14.223999977111816,-18.96500015258789 C14.26200008392334,-18.864999771118164 14.279999732971191,-18.757999420166016 14.27299976348877,-18.652000427246094 C14.27299976348877,-18.652000427246094 14.27299976348877,-15.782999992370605 14.27299976348877,-15.782999992370605 C14.279999732971191,-15.675999641418457 14.26200008392334,-15.569999694824219 14.223999977111816,-15.468999862670898 C14.185999870300293,-15.369999885559082 14.128000259399414,-15.279000282287598 14.052000045776367,-15.20300006866455 C13.97599983215332,-15.128000259399414 13.885000228881836,-15.069000244140625 13.784000396728516,-15.031000137329102 C13.682999610900879,-14.994000434875488 13.574999809265137,-14.977999687194824 13.468000411987305,-14.984999656677246 C13.468000411987305,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 C-9.633000373840332,-14.984999656677246 -9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 -9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 C-9.633000373840332,-2.805000066757202 10.89799976348877,-2.805000066757202 10.89799976348877,-2.805000066757202 C11.003999710083008,-2.812000036239624 11.111000061035156,-2.796999931335449 11.210000038146973,-2.759999990463257 C11.309000015258789,-2.7239999771118164 11.39900016784668,-2.6659998893737793 11.473999977111816,-2.5920000076293945 C11.550999641418457,-2.5179998874664307 11.609999656677246,-2.428999900817871 11.64799976348877,-2.3310000896453857 C11.687000274658203,-2.2330000400543213 11.706000328063965,-2.128000020980835 11.701000213623047,-2.0230000019073486 C11.701000213623047,-2.0230000019073486 11.701000213623047,0.8610000014305115 11.701000213623047,0.8610000014305115 C11.706999778747559,0.9670000076293945 11.690999984741211,1.0750000476837158 11.652999877929688,1.1740000247955322 C11.614999771118164,1.2730000019073486 11.555000305175781,1.3630000352859497 11.479000091552734,1.437999963760376 C11.402999877929688,1.5130000114440918 11.312999725341797,1.5709999799728394 11.213000297546387,1.6089999675750732 C11.11299991607666,1.6460000276565552 11.005000114440918,1.6640000343322754 10.89799976348877,1.6579999923706055 C10.89799976348877,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 C-9.633000373840332,1.6579999923706055 -9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 -9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 C-9.633000373840332,14.984000205993652 14.112000465393066,14.984000205993652 14.112000465393066,14.984000205993652 C14.218999862670898,14.97700023651123 14.326000213623047,14.994000434875488 14.427000045776367,15.031999588012695 C14.527000427246094,15.069000244140625 14.619000434875488,15.128000259399414 14.694999694824219,15.204000473022461 C14.770999908447266,15.279000282287598 14.831000328063965,15.369999885559082 14.869000434875488,15.470999717712402 C14.906999588012695,15.569999694824219 14.92300033569336,15.677000045776367 14.916000366210938,15.784000396728516">
|
|
</path>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</g>
|
|
</svg>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../introduction/introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">Overview</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/0_xdappOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> xDapps</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/1_defiBasics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Ecosystem Basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/2_crossChainInteroperability.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Blockchain Interoperability</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/3_xdataxassets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> xData & xAssets</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/4_whatIsanXdapp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> What is an xDapp?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/5_advantages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Advantages of xDapps</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/0_wormholeOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Wormhole</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/1_whatIsWormhole.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is Wormhole?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/2_architectureOverview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Architecture Overview</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/3_coreLayerContracts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Core Layer Contracts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/4_vaa.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> VAA: Verified Action Approval</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/5_guardianNetwork.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Guardian Network</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/6_relayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/7_xAssetBridge.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> xAsset Bridge</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/8_wormchain.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> Wormchain</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../wormhole/security.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Security</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/0_dappDesign.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> xDapp Design</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/1_keyConsiderations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Key Considerations</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/2_ecosystems.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Ecosystems</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/3_protocolDesign.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Protocol Design</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/4_topology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Topology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../dapps/architecture/5_relayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Developing xDapps</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/environments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Environment Setup</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/tilt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Tilt (Devnet)</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/troubleshooting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.1.</strong> Troubleshooting</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/wlv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Wormhole Local Validator</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/testnet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Testnet</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/env/tooling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> Tooling</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Contract Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> EVM</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/coreLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.1.</strong> Core Layer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/tokenLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.2.</strong> Token Bridge Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/nftLayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.3.</strong> NFT Bridge Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/relayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.4.</strong> Relayer Module</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/bestPractices.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.5.</strong> Best Practices</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/evm/composableVerification.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.6.</strong> Composable Verification</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/solana/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Solana</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/cosmos/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> Cosmos</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/algorand/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> Algorand</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/near/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> Near</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/aptos/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> Aptos</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/relayer/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Relayers</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/relayer/genericRelayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Generic Relayers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/relayer/specializedRelayers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Specialized Relayers</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/typescript/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Wormhole Typescript SDK</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/typescript/attestingToken.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Token Registration</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/typescript/tokenTransfer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> Token Transfer Basics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/typescript/cross-ecosystem-transfer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> Cross-Ecosystem Transfer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../technical/typescript/using-relayer.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Using Relayers</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">Reference</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reference/overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Other Resources</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reference/glossary.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> Glossary</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reference/usefulLinks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> Useful Links</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reference/contracts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> Deployed Contracts</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../reference/rpcnodes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> RPC Nodes</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
|
|
|
<div class="page">
|
|
|
|
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
|
|
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
|
|
<div class="left-buttons">
|
|
<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents"
|
|
aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
|
|
</button>
|
|
|
|
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)"
|
|
aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S"
|
|
aria-controls="searchbar">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
|
|
</button>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<h1 class="menu-title">Wormhole Development Book</h1>
|
|
|
|
<div class="right-buttons">
|
|
<a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
|
|
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/wormhole-foundation/xdapp-book" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
|
|
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
|
|
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
|
|
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..."
|
|
aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
|
</form>
|
|
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
|
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
|
<ul id="searchresults">
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
|
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
|
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function (link) {
|
|
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<div id="content" class="content">
|
|
<main>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Warning: Some content may be outdated.
|
|
See <a href="https://docs.wormhole.com">docs.wormhole.com</a>
|
|
for up to date information
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<h1 id="guardian-network"><a class="header" href="#guardian-network">Guardian Network</a></h1>
|
|
<p>The Guardian Network is designed to serve as Wormhole's oracle component, and the entire Wormhole ecosystem is founded on its technical underpinnings. It is the most critical element of the Wormhole ecosystem, and represents the single most important component to learn about if you want a deep understanding of Wormhole.</p>
|
|
<p>To understand not just <em>how</em> the Guardian Network works, but <em>why</em> it works the way it does, let's first take a step back and go over the key design considerations. To become the best-in-class interoperability platform, there were five critical features Wormhole needed to have:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><strong>Decentralization</strong> - Control of the network needs to be distributed amongst many parties.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Modularity</strong> - Disparate parts of the ecosystem such as the oracle, relayer, applications, etc, should be kept as separate and modular as possible so they can be designed, modified and upgraded independently.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Chain Agnosticism</strong> - Wormhole should be able to support not only EVM, but also chains like Solana, Algorand, Cosmos, and even platforms that haven't been created yet. It also should not have any one chain as a single point of failure.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Scalability</strong> - Wormhole should be able to secure a large amount of value immediately and be able to handle the large transaction volume.</li>
|
|
<li><strong>Upgradeability</strong> - As the decentralized computing ecosystem evolves, Wormhole will need to be able to change the implementation of its existing modules without breaking integrators.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Next, let's go into how Wormhole achieves these one at a time.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="decentralization"><a class="header" href="#decentralization">Decentralization</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Decentralization is the biggest concern. Previous interoperability solutions have largely been entirely centralized, and even newer solutions utilizing things like adversarial relayers still tend to have single points of failure or collusion thresholds as low as 1 or 2.</p>
|
|
<p>When designing a decentralized oracle network, the first option to consider is likely a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) system-but this turns out to be a suboptimal solution. PoS is designed for blockchain consensus in smart-contract enabled environments, so it's less suitable when the network is verifying the output of many blockchains and not supporting its own smart contracts. While it looks appealing from a decentralization perspective, the network security remains unclear, and it can make some other outlined goals more difficult to achieve. Let's explore other options.</p>
|
|
<p>The next option would be to rush straight for the finish line and use zero-knowledge proofs to secure the network. This would be a good solution from a decentralization perspective, as it's literally trustless. However, zero-knowledge proofs are still a nascent technology and it's not really feasible to verify them on-chain, especially on chains with limited computational environments. That means a form of multisig will be needed to secure the network.</p>
|
|
<p>If we step back and look at the current De-Fi landscape, most of the top blockchains are secured by the same handful of validator companies. Currently, there are a limited number of companies in the world with the skills and capital to run top-notch validator companies.</p>
|
|
<p>If a protocol could unite a large number of those validator companies into a purpose-built consensus mechanism that's optimized for chain interoperability, that design would likely be more performant and secure than a network bootstrapped by a tokenomics model. Assuming the validators would be on board, how many could Wormhole realistically utilize?</p>
|
|
<p>If Wormhole were to use threshold signatures, the answer would basically be 'as many as are willing to participate.' However, threshold signatures have spotty support across the blockchain world, meaning it would be difficult and expensive to verify the signatures, ultimately limiting scalability and chain agnosticism. Thus, a t-schnorr multisig presents itself as the best option: cheap and well supported, despite the fact that its verification costs increases linearly with the number of signatures included.</p>
|
|
<p>All these things considered, 19 seems to be the maximum number and a good tradeoff. If 2/3 of the signatures are needed for consensus, then 13 signatures need to be verified on-chain, which remains reasonable from a gas-cost perspective.</p>
|
|
<p>Rather than securing the network with tokenomics, it is better to initially secure the network by involving robust companies which are heavily invested in the success of De-Fi as a whole. The 19 Guardians are not anonymous or small--they are many of the largest and most widely-known validator companies in cryptocurrency. The current list of Guardians can be viewed <a href="https://wormhole.com/network/">here</a></p>
|
|
<p>That's how we end up with the network of 19 Guardians, each with an equal stake and joined in a purpose-built Proof of Authority consensus mechanism. As threshold signatures become better supported, the Guardian set can expand, and once ZKPs are ubiquitous, the Guardian Network will become fully trustless.</p>
|
|
<p>With our perspective on Decentralization laid out, the remaining elements fall into place.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="modularity"><a class="header" href="#modularity">Modularity</a></h2>
|
|
<p>The Guardian Network is robust and trustworthy by itself, so there's no need for components like the relayer to contribute to the security model. That makes Wormhole able to have simple components that are very good at the one thing they do. That way, Guardians only need to verify on-chain activity and produce VAAs while Relayers only need to interact with blockchains and deliver messages.</p>
|
|
<p>The signing scheme of the VAAs can be changed without affecting downstream users, and multiple relay mechanisms can exist independently. xAssets can be implemented purely at the application layer and xDapps can utilize whatever components suits them.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="chain-agnosticism"><a class="header" href="#chain-agnosticism">Chain Agnosticism</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Today, Wormhole supports a wider range of ecosystems than any other interoperability protocol because it uses simple tech (t-schnorr signatures), an adaptable, heterogeneous relayer model, and a robust validator network.</p>
|
|
<p>Wormhole can expand to new ecosystems as quickly as a Core Contract can be developed for the smart contract runtime. Relayers don't need to be factored into the security model--they just need to be able to upload messages to the blockchain. The Guardians are able to observe every transaction on every chain, without taking shortcuts.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="scalability"><a class="header" href="#scalability">Scalability</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Wormhole scales well, as demonstrated by its ability to handle huge TVL and transaction volume--even during tumultuous events.</p>
|
|
<p>The requirements for running a Guardian are relatively heavy, as they need to run a full node for every single blockchain in the ecosystem. This is another reason why a limited number of robust validator companies are beneficial for this design.</p>
|
|
<p>However, once all the full nodes are running, the actual computation and network overheads of the Guardian Network become lightweight. The performance of the blockchains themselves tends to be the bottleneck in Wormhole, rather than anything happening inside the Guardian Network.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="upgradability"><a class="header" href="#upgradability">Upgradability</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Over time, the Guardian Set can be expanded beyond 19 with the use of threshold signatures. A variety of relaying models will emerge, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. ZKPs can be used on chains where they are well supported. The xDapp ecosystem will grow, and xDapps will become increasingly intermingled with each other. There are very few APIs in Wormhole, and most items are implementation details from the perspective of an integrator. This creates a clear pathway towards a fully trustlessness interoperability layer which spans the entirety of decentralized computing.</p>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<p>In the next section, we will talk about the role and responsibilities of relayers in the Wormhole ecosystem.</p>
|
|
|
|
</main>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
|
<a rel="prev" href="../wormhole/4_vaa.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous"
|
|
title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a rel="next" href="../wormhole/6_relayers.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next"
|
|
title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|
<a rel="prev" href="../wormhole/4_vaa.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter"
|
|
aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
<a rel="next" href="../wormhole/6_relayers.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter"
|
|
aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|
</a>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
window.playground_copyable = true;
|
|
</script>
|
|
<script src="../elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
<script src="../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|
|
|
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="../src/static/solidity.min.js"></script>
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html> |