diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 433bdefd..8a34faa4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ Change Log
 
 Upcoming
 ------------------------------------
+- Added `Zatoshi` typesafe object to represent amounts instead.
+
+Version 1.6.0-beta01
+------------------------------------
 - Updated checkpoints for Mainnet and Testnet
 - Fix: SDK can now be used on Intel x86_64 emulators
 - Prevent R8 warnings for apps consuming the SDK
diff --git a/MIGRATIONS.md b/MIGRATIONS.md
index e29ee029..d5ce8119 100644
--- a/MIGRATIONS.md
+++ b/MIGRATIONS.md
@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
 Troubleshooting Migrations
 ==========
 
+Upcoming Migration to Version 1.7 from 1.6
+--------------------------------------
+Various APIs used `Long` value to represent Zatoshi currency amounts.  Those APIs now use a typesafe `Zatoshi` class.  When passing amounts, simply wrap Long values with the Zatoshi constructor `Zatoshi(Long)`.  When receiving values, simply unwrap Long values with `Zatoshi.value`.
+
+`WalletBalance` no longer has uninitialized default values.  This means that `Synchronizer` fields that expose a WalletBalance now use `null` to signal an uninitialized value.  Specifically this means `Synchronizer.orchardBalances`, `Synchronzier.saplingBalances`, and `Synchronizer.transparentBalances` have nullable values now.
+
+`ZcashSdk.ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC` has been moved to `Zatoshi.ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC`.
+
+`ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE_ZATOSHI` has been renamed to `ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE` and the type has changed from `Long` to `Zatoshi`.
+
 Upcoming Migrating to Version 1.4.* from 1.3.*
 --------------------------------------
 The main entrypoint to the SDK has changed.
diff --git a/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/DarksideTestCoordinator.kt b/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/DarksideTestCoordinator.kt
index c54ab58b..9bdfd6ad 100644
--- a/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/DarksideTestCoordinator.kt
+++ b/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/DarksideTestCoordinator.kt
@@ -203,19 +203,19 @@ class DarksideTestCoordinator(val wallet: TestWallet) {
         fun validateMinBalance(available: Long = -1, total: Long = -1) {
             val balance = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value
             if (available > 0) {
-                assertTrue("invalid available balance. Expected a minimum of $available but found ${balance.availableZatoshi}", available <= balance.availableZatoshi)
+                assertTrue("invalid available balance. Expected a minimum of $available but found ${balance?.available}", available <= balance?.available?.value!!)
             }
             if (total > 0) {
-                assertTrue("invalid total balance. Expected a minimum of $total but found ${balance.totalZatoshi}", total <= balance.totalZatoshi)
+                assertTrue("invalid total balance. Expected a minimum of $total but found ${balance?.total}", total <= balance?.total?.value!!)
             }
         }
         suspend fun validateBalance(available: Long = -1, total: Long = -1, accountIndex: Int = 0) {
             val balance = (synchronizer as SdkSynchronizer).processor.getBalanceInfo(accountIndex)
             if (available > 0) {
-                assertEquals("invalid available balance", available, balance.availableZatoshi)
+                assertEquals("invalid available balance", available, balance.available)
             }
             if (total > 0) {
-                assertEquals("invalid total balance", total, balance.totalZatoshi)
+                assertEquals("invalid total balance", total, balance.total)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/TestWallet.kt b/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/TestWallet.kt
index 3b536a41..d9200b79 100644
--- a/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/TestWallet.kt
+++ b/darkside-test-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/darkside/test/TestWallet.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.isPending
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.Twig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.service.LightWalletGrpcService
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class TestWallet(
     val synchronizer: SdkSynchronizer = runBlocking { Synchronizer.new(initializer) } as SdkSynchronizer
     val service = (synchronizer.processor.downloader.lightWalletService as LightWalletGrpcService)
 
-    val available get() = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value.availableZatoshi
+    val available get() = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value?.available
     val shieldedAddress =
         runBlocking { DerivationTool.deriveShieldedAddress(seed, network = network) }
     val transparentAddress =
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ class TestWallet(
         return this
     }
 
-    suspend fun send(address: String = transparentAddress, memo: String = "", amount: Long = 500L, fromAccountIndex: Int = 0): TestWallet {
+    suspend fun send(address: String = transparentAddress, memo: String = "", amount: Zatoshi = Zatoshi(500L), fromAccountIndex: Int = 0): TestWallet {
         Twig.sprout("$alias sending")
         synchronizer.sendToAddress(shieldedSpendingKey, amount, address, memo, fromAccountIndex)
             .takeWhile { it.isPending() }
@@ -128,9 +129,9 @@ class TestWallet(
         }
 
         synchronizer.getTransparentBalance(transparentAddress).let { walletBalance ->
-            twig("FOUND utxo balance of total: ${walletBalance.totalZatoshi}  available: ${walletBalance.availableZatoshi}")
+            twig("FOUND utxo balance of total: ${walletBalance.total}  available: ${walletBalance.available}")
 
-            if (walletBalance.availableZatoshi > 0L) {
+            if (walletBalance.available.value > 0L) {
                 synchronizer.shieldFunds(shieldedSpendingKey, transparentSecretKey)
                     .onCompletion { twig("done shielding funds") }
                     .catch { twig("Failed with $it") }
diff --git a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/getbalance/GetBalanceFragment.kt b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/getbalance/GetBalanceFragment.kt
index bac95254..cb41bf8f 100644
--- a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/getbalance/GetBalanceFragment.kt
+++ b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/getbalance/GetBalanceFragment.kt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.convertZatoshiToZecString
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.filterNotNull
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 
 /**
@@ -68,22 +69,23 @@ class GetBalanceFragment : BaseDemoFragment<FragmentGetBalanceBinding>() {
         synchronizer.status.collectWith(lifecycleScope, ::onStatus)
         synchronizer.progress.collectWith(lifecycleScope, ::onProgress)
         synchronizer.processorInfo.collectWith(lifecycleScope, ::onProcessorInfoUpdated)
-        synchronizer.saplingBalances.collectWith(lifecycleScope, ::onBalance)
+        synchronizer.saplingBalances.filterNotNull().collectWith(lifecycleScope, ::onBalance)
     }
 
     private fun onBalance(balance: WalletBalance) {
         binding.textBalance.text = """
-                Available balance: ${balance.availableZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
-                Total balance: ${balance.totalZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
+                Available balance: ${balance.available.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
+                Total balance: ${balance.total.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
         """.trimIndent()
     }
 
     private fun onStatus(status: Synchronizer.Status) {
         binding.textStatus.text = "Status: $status"
-        if (WalletBalance().none()) {
+        val balance = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value
+        if (null == balance) {
             binding.textBalance.text = "Calculating balance..."
         } else {
-            onBalance(synchronizer.saplingBalances.value)
+            onBalance(balance)
         }
     }
 
@@ -93,16 +95,6 @@ class GetBalanceFragment : BaseDemoFragment<FragmentGetBalanceBinding>() {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Extension function which checks if the balance has been updated or its -1
-     */
-    private fun WalletBalance.none(): Boolean {
-        if (synchronizer.saplingBalances.value.totalZatoshi == -1L &&
-            synchronizer.saplingBalances.value.availableZatoshi == -1L
-        ) return true
-        return false
-    }
-
     private fun onProcessorInfoUpdated(info: CompactBlockProcessor.ProcessorInfo) {
         if (info.isScanning) binding.textStatus.text = "Scanning blocks...${info.scanProgress}%"
     }
diff --git a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listtransactions/TransactionViewHolder.kt b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listtransactions/TransactionViewHolder.kt
index 2d1da2fb..74b9fd0b 100644
--- a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listtransactions/TransactionViewHolder.kt
+++ b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listtransactions/TransactionViewHolder.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import android.widget.TextView
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.ConfirmedTransaction
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.valueInZatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.demoapp.R
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.convertZatoshiToZecString
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class TransactionViewHolder<T : ConfirmedTransaction>(itemView: View) : Recycler
 
     fun bindTo(transaction: T?) {
         val isInbound = transaction?.toAddress.isNullOrEmpty()
-        amountText.text = transaction?.value.convertZatoshiToZecString()
+        amountText.text = transaction?.valueInZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString()
         timeText.text =
             if (transaction == null || transaction?.blockTimeInSeconds == 0L) "Pending"
             else formatter.format(transaction.blockTimeInSeconds * 1000L)
diff --git a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listutxos/UtxoViewHolder.kt b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listutxos/UtxoViewHolder.kt
index b6166e58..78006d90 100644
--- a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listutxos/UtxoViewHolder.kt
+++ b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/listutxos/UtxoViewHolder.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import android.view.View
 import android.widget.TextView
 import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.ConfirmedTransaction
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.valueInZatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.demoapp.R
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.convertZatoshiToZecString
 import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class UtxoViewHolder<T : ConfirmedTransaction>(itemView: View) : RecyclerView.Vi
     private val formatter = SimpleDateFormat("M/d h:mma", Locale.getDefault())
 
     fun bindTo(transaction: T?) {
-        amountText.text = transaction?.value.convertZatoshiToZecString()
+        amountText.text = transaction?.valueInZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString()
         timeText.text =
             if (transaction == null || transaction?.blockTimeInSeconds == 0L) "Pending"
             else formatter.format(transaction.blockTimeInSeconds * 1000L)
diff --git a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/send/SendFragment.kt b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/send/SendFragment.kt
index 2b266051..4a005c47 100644
--- a/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/send/SendFragment.kt
+++ b/demo-app/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/demoapp/demos/send/SendFragment.kt
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class SendFragment : BaseDemoFragment<FragmentSendBinding>() {
     // Observable properties (done without livedata or flows for simplicity)
     //
 
-    private var balance = WalletBalance()
+    private var balance: WalletBalance? = null
         set(value) {
             field = value
             onUpdateSendButton()
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ class SendFragment : BaseDemoFragment<FragmentSendBinding>() {
         if (info.isScanning) binding.textStatus.text = "Scanning blocks...${info.scanProgress}%"
     }
 
-    private fun onBalance(balance: WalletBalance) {
+    private fun onBalance(balance: WalletBalance?) {
         this.balance = balance
         if (!isSyncing) {
             binding.textBalance.text = """
-                Available balance: ${balance.availableZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
-                Total balance: ${balance.totalZatoshi.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
+                Available balance: ${balance?.available.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
+                Total balance: ${balance?.total.convertZatoshiToZecString(12)}
             """.trimIndent()
         }
     }
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class SendFragment : BaseDemoFragment<FragmentSendBinding>() {
                     text = "⌛ syncing"
                     isEnabled = false
                 }
-                balance.availableZatoshi <= 0 -> isEnabled = false
+                (balance?.available?.value ?: 0) <= 0 -> isEnabled = false
                 else -> {
                     text = "send"
                     isEnabled = true
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index afc85aa6..78d7142c 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ RELEASE_SIGNING_ENABLED=false
 # Required by the maven publishing plugin
 SONATYPE_HOST=DEFAULT
 
-LIBRARY_VERSION=1.6.0-beta01
+LIBRARY_VERSION=1.7.0-beta01
 
 # Kotlin compiler warnings can be considered errors, failing the build.
 # Currently set to false, because this project has a lot of warnings to fix first.
diff --git a/sdk-lib/build.gradle.kts b/sdk-lib/build.gradle.kts
index 2ad4b882..9f229aab 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/sdk-lib/build.gradle.kts
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ dependencies {
 
     // Tests
     testImplementation(libs.kotlin.reflect)
+    testImplementation(libs.kotlin.test)
     testImplementation(libs.mockito.junit)
     testImplementation(libs.mockito.kotlin)
     testImplementation(libs.bundles.junit)
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/integration/TestnetIntegrationTest.kt b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/integration/TestnetIntegrationTest.kt
index 3bb9cf9d..e055e252 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/integration/TestnetIntegrationTest.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/integration/TestnetIntegrationTest.kt
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.TroubleshootingTwig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.Twig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.service.LightWalletGrpcService
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.test.ScopedTest
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.WalletBirthdayTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.filter
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.filterNotNull
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.onEach
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
@@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ class TestnetIntegrationTest : ScopedTest() {
     @LargeTest
     @Ignore("This test is extremely slow")
     fun testBalance() = runBlocking {
-        var availableBalance: Long = 0L
+        var availableBalance: Zatoshi? = null
         synchronizer.saplingBalances.onFirst {
-            availableBalance = it.availableZatoshi
+            availableBalance = it?.available
         }
 
         synchronizer.status.filter { it == SYNCED }.onFirst {
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ class TestnetIntegrationTest : ScopedTest() {
 
         assertTrue(
             "No funds available when we expected a balance greater than zero!",
-            availableBalance > 0
+            availableBalance!!.value > 0
         )
     }
 
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ class TestnetIntegrationTest : ScopedTest() {
     @Ignore("This test is broken")
     fun testSpend() = runBlocking {
         var success = false
-        synchronizer.saplingBalances.filter { it.availableZatoshi > 0 }.onEach {
+        synchronizer.saplingBalances.filterNotNull().onEach {
             success = sendFunds()
         }.first()
         log("asserting $success")
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ class TestnetIntegrationTest : ScopedTest() {
         log("sending to address")
         synchronizer.sendToAddress(
             spendingKey,
-            ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE_ZATOSHI,
+            ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE,
             toAddress,
             "first mainnet tx from the SDK"
         ).filter { it?.isSubmitSuccess() == true }.onFirst {
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManagerTest.kt b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManagerTest.kt
index 737315d4..890ba2e5 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManagerTest.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManagerTest.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.TroubleshootingTwig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.Twig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.service.LightWalletService
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.test.ScopedTest
 import com.nhaarman.mockitokotlin2.any
 import com.nhaarman.mockitokotlin2.stub
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ class PersistentTransactionManagerTest : ScopedTest() {
 
     @Test
     fun testCancellation_RaceCondition() = runBlocking {
-        val tx = manager.initSpend(1234, "taddr", "memo-good", 0)
+        val tx = manager.initSpend(Zatoshi(1234), "taddr", "memo-good", 0)
         val txFlow = manager.monitorById(tx.id)
 
         // encode TX
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ class PersistentTransactionManagerTest : ScopedTest() {
 
     @Test
     fun testCancel() = runBlocking {
-        var tx = manager.initSpend(1234, "a", "b", 0)
+        var tx = manager.initSpend(Zatoshi(1234), "a", "b", 0)
         assertFalse(tx.isCancelled())
         manager.cancel(tx.id)
         tx = manager.findById(tx.id)!!
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ class PersistentTransactionManagerTest : ScopedTest() {
 
     @Test
     fun testAbort() = runBlocking {
-        var tx: PendingTransaction? = manager.initSpend(1234, "a", "b", 0)
+        var tx: PendingTransaction? = manager.initSpend(Zatoshi(1234), "a", "b", 0)
         assertNotNull(tx)
         manager.abort(tx!!)
         tx = manager.findById(tx.id)
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/ShieldFundsSample.kt b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/ShieldFundsSample.kt
index 63e849d5..a2fc4364 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/ShieldFundsSample.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/ShieldFundsSample.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.sample
 
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.Twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.util.TestWallet
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
@@ -33,6 +34,6 @@ class ShieldFundsSample {
 //        wallet.shieldFunds()
 
         Twig.clip("ShieldFundsSample")
-        Assert.assertEquals(5, wallet.synchronizer.saplingBalances.value.availableZatoshi)
+        Assert.assertEquals(Zatoshi(5), wallet.synchronizer.saplingBalances.value?.available)
     }
 }
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/TransparentRestoreSample.kt b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/TransparentRestoreSample.kt
index 1079412a..0057c64f 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/TransparentRestoreSample.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/sample/TransparentRestoreSample.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.sample
 import androidx.test.filters.LargeTest
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.ZcashSdk
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork.Testnet
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.util.TestWallet
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ import org.junit.Test
  */
 class TransparentRestoreSample {
 
-    val TX_VALUE = ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE_ZATOSHI / 2
+    val TX_VALUE = Zatoshi(ZcashSdk.MINERS_FEE.value / 2)
 
 //    val walletA = SimpleWallet(SEED_PHRASE, "WalletA")
 
@@ -58,8 +59,8 @@ class TransparentRestoreSample {
         val tbalance = wallet.transparentBalance()
         val address = wallet.transparentAddress
 
-        twig("t-avail: ${tbalance.availableZatoshi}  t-total: ${tbalance.totalZatoshi}")
-        Assert.assertTrue("Not enough funds to run sample. Expected some Zatoshi but found ${tbalance.availableZatoshi}. Try adding funds to $address", tbalance.availableZatoshi > 0)
+        twig("t-avail: ${tbalance.available}  t-total: ${tbalance.total}")
+        Assert.assertTrue("Not enough funds to run sample. Expected some Zatoshi but found ${tbalance.available}. Try adding funds to $address", tbalance.available.value > 0)
 
         twig("Shielding available transparent funds!")
 //        wallet.shieldFunds()
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/util/TestWallet.kt b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/util/TestWallet.kt
index 10b75de8..970ad42b 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/util/TestWallet.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/androidTest/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/util/TestWallet.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.isPending
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.Twig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.service.LightWalletGrpcService
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class TestWallet(
     val synchronizer: SdkSynchronizer = Synchronizer.newBlocking(initializer) as SdkSynchronizer
     val service = (synchronizer.processor.downloader.lightWalletService as LightWalletGrpcService)
 
-    val available get() = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value.availableZatoshi
+    val available get() = synchronizer.saplingBalances.value?.available
     val shieldedAddress =
         runBlocking { DerivationTool.deriveShieldedAddress(seed, network = network) }
     val transparentAddress =
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ class TestWallet(
         return this
     }
 
-    suspend fun send(address: String = transparentAddress, memo: String = "", amount: Long = 500L, fromAccountIndex: Int = 0): TestWallet {
+    suspend fun send(address: String = transparentAddress, memo: String = "", amount: Zatoshi = Zatoshi(500L), fromAccountIndex: Int = 0): TestWallet {
         Twig.sprout("$alias sending")
         synchronizer.sendToAddress(shieldedSpendingKey, amount, address, memo, fromAccountIndex)
             .takeWhile { it.isPending() }
@@ -128,9 +129,9 @@ class TestWallet(
         }
 
         synchronizer.getTransparentBalance(transparentAddress).let { walletBalance ->
-            twig("FOUND utxo balance of total: ${walletBalance.totalZatoshi}  available: ${walletBalance.availableZatoshi}")
+            twig("FOUND utxo balance of total: ${walletBalance.total}  available: ${walletBalance.available}")
 
-            if (walletBalance.availableZatoshi > 0L) {
+            if (walletBalance.available.value > 0L) {
                 synchronizer.shieldFunds(shieldedSpendingKey, transparentSecretKey)
                     .onCompletion { twig("done shielding funds") }
                     .catch { twig("Failed with $it") }
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/SdkSynchronizer.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/SdkSynchronizer.kt
index 3f0bdc7d..217275cb 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/SdkSynchronizer.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/SdkSynchronizer.kt
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.transaction.TransactionRepository
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.transaction.WalletTransactionEncoder
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twigTask
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.AddressType
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.AddressType.Shielded
@@ -101,9 +102,9 @@ class SdkSynchronizer internal constructor(
 ) : Synchronizer {
 
     // pools
-    private val _orchardBalances = MutableStateFlow(WalletBalance())
-    private val _saplingBalances = MutableStateFlow(WalletBalance())
-    private val _transparentBalances = MutableStateFlow(WalletBalance())
+    private val _orchardBalances = MutableStateFlow<WalletBalance?>(null)
+    private val _saplingBalances = MutableStateFlow<WalletBalance?>(null)
+    private val _transparentBalances = MutableStateFlow<WalletBalance?>(null)
 
     private val _status = ConflatedBroadcastChannel<Synchronizer.Status>(DISCONNECTED)
 
@@ -636,14 +637,14 @@ class SdkSynchronizer internal constructor(
 
     override fun sendToAddress(
         spendingKey: String,
-        zatoshi: Long,
+        amount: Zatoshi,
         toAddress: String,
         memo: String,
         fromAccountIndex: Int
     ): Flow<PendingTransaction> = flow {
         twig("Initializing pending transaction")
         // Emit the placeholder transaction, then switch to monitoring the database
-        txManager.initSpend(zatoshi, toAddress, memo, fromAccountIndex).let { placeHolderTx ->
+        txManager.initSpend(amount, toAddress, memo, fromAccountIndex).let { placeHolderTx ->
             emit(placeHolderTx)
             txManager.encode(spendingKey, placeHolderTx).let { encodedTx ->
                 // only submit if it wasn't cancelled. Otherwise cleanup, immediately for best UX.
@@ -675,7 +676,7 @@ class SdkSynchronizer internal constructor(
         val zAddr = getAddress(0)
 
         // Emit the placeholder transaction, then switch to monitoring the database
-        txManager.initSpend(tBalance.availableZatoshi, zAddr, memo, 0).let { placeHolderTx ->
+        txManager.initSpend(tBalance.available, zAddr, memo, 0).let { placeHolderTx ->
             emit(placeHolderTx)
             txManager.encode(spendingKey, transparentSecretKey, placeHolderTx).let { encodedTx ->
                 // only submit if it wasn't cancelled. Otherwise cleanup, immediately for best UX.
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/Synchronizer.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/Synchronizer.kt
index f41888b9..6d4f17c7 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/Synchronizer.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/Synchronizer.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.block.CompactBlockProcessor
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.ConfirmedTransaction
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.PendingTransaction
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.ZcashSdk
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.AddressType
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ConsensusMatchType
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
@@ -102,17 +103,17 @@ interface Synchronizer {
     /**
      * A stream of balance values for the orchard pool. Includes the available and total balance.
      */
-    val orchardBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance>
+    val orchardBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance?>
 
     /**
      * A stream of balance values for the sapling pool. Includes the available and total balance.
      */
-    val saplingBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance>
+    val saplingBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance?>
 
     /**
      * A stream of balance values for the transparent pool. Includes the available and total balance.
      */
-    val transparentBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance>
+    val transparentBalances: StateFlow<WalletBalance?>
 
     /* Transactions */
 
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ interface Synchronizer {
      */
     fun sendToAddress(
         spendingKey: String,
-        zatoshi: Long,
+        amount: Zatoshi,
         toAddress: String,
         memo: String = "",
         fromAccountIndex: Int = 0
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/db/entity/Transactions.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/db/entity/Transactions.kt
index f7a6bf0f..658fc80f 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/db/entity/Transactions.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/db/entity/Transactions.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import androidx.room.ColumnInfo
 import androidx.room.Entity
 import androidx.room.ForeignKey
 import androidx.room.PrimaryKey
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 
 //
 // Entities
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@ data class ConfirmedTransaction(
     val expiryHeight: Int? = null,
     override val raw: ByteArray? = byteArrayOf()
 ) : MinedTransaction, SignedTransaction {
+
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
         if (other !is ConfirmedTransaction) return false
@@ -207,6 +209,9 @@ data class ConfirmedTransaction(
     }
 }
 
+val ConfirmedTransaction.valueInZatoshi
+    get() = Zatoshi(value)
+
 data class EncodedTransaction(val txId: ByteArray, override val raw: ByteArray, val expiryHeight: Int?) :
     SignedTransaction {
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
@@ -283,8 +288,7 @@ interface PendingTransaction : SignedTransaction, Transaction {
 //
 
 fun PendingTransaction.isSameTxId(other: MinedTransaction): Boolean {
-    return rawTransactionId != null && other.rawTransactionId != null &&
-        rawTransactionId!!.contentEquals(other.rawTransactionId)
+    return rawTransactionId != null && rawTransactionId!!.contentEquals(other.rawTransactionId)
 }
 
 fun PendingTransaction.isSameTxId(other: PendingTransaction): Boolean {
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/CurrencyFormatter.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/CurrencyFormatter.kt
index fd9edcaf..05fbc116 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/CurrencyFormatter.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/CurrencyFormatter.kt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext
 
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.Conversions.USD_FORMATTER
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.Conversions.ZEC_FORMATTER
-import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.ZcashSdk.ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import java.math.BigDecimal
 import java.math.MathContext
 import java.math.RoundingMode
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import java.util.Locale
 // TODO: provide a dynamic way to configure this globally for the SDK
 // For now, just make these vars so at least they could be modified in one place
 object Conversions {
-    var ONE_ZEC_IN_ZATOSHI = BigDecimal(ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC, MathContext.DECIMAL128)
+    var ONE_ZEC_IN_ZATOSHI = BigDecimal(Zatoshi.ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC, MathContext.DECIMAL128)
     var ZEC_FORMATTER = NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.getDefault()).apply {
         roundingMode = RoundingMode.HALF_EVEN
         maximumFractionDigits = 6
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ object Conversions {
  * @return this Zatoshi value represented as ZEC, in a string with at least [minDecimals] and at
  * most [maxDecimals]
  */
-inline fun Long?.convertZatoshiToZecString(
+inline fun Zatoshi?.convertZatoshiToZecString(
     maxDecimals: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits,
     minDecimals: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.minimumFractionDigits
 ): String {
-    return currencyFormatter(maxDecimals, minDecimals).format(this.convertZatoshiToZec(maxDecimals))
+    return currencyFormatter(maxDecimals, minDecimals).format(convertZatoshiToZec(maxDecimals))
 }
 
 /**
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ inline fun currencyFormatter(maxDecimals: Int, minDecimals: Int): NumberFormat {
  * @return this Long Zatoshi value represented as ZEC using a BigDecimal with the given scale,
  * rounded accurately out to 128 digits.
  */
-inline fun Long?.convertZatoshiToZec(scale: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits): BigDecimal {
-    return BigDecimal(this ?: 0L, MathContext.DECIMAL128).divide(
+inline fun Zatoshi?.convertZatoshiToZec(scale: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits): BigDecimal {
+    return BigDecimal(this?.value ?: 0L, MathContext.DECIMAL128).divide(
         Conversions.ONE_ZEC_IN_ZATOSHI,
         MathContext.DECIMAL128
     ).setScale(scale, ZEC_FORMATTER.roundingMode)
@@ -176,15 +176,15 @@ inline fun Long?.convertZatoshiToZec(scale: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionD
  * @return this ZEC value represented as Zatoshi, rounded accurately out to 128 digits, in order to
  * minimize cumulative errors when applied repeatedly over a sequence of calculations.
  */
-inline fun BigDecimal?.convertZecToZatoshi(): Long {
-    if (this == null) return 0L
+inline fun BigDecimal?.convertZecToZatoshi(): Zatoshi {
+    if (this == null) return Zatoshi(0L)
     if (this < BigDecimal.ZERO) {
         throw IllegalArgumentException(
             "Invalid ZEC value: $this. ZEC is represented by notes and" +
                 " cannot be negative"
         )
     }
-    return this.multiply(Conversions.ONE_ZEC_IN_ZATOSHI, MathContext.DECIMAL128).toLong()
+    return Zatoshi(this.multiply(Conversions.ONE_ZEC_IN_ZATOSHI, MathContext.DECIMAL128).toLong())
 }
 
 /**
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ inline fun Double?.toZec(decimals: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits): B
  * @return this Double ZEC value converted into Zatoshi, with proper rounding and precision by
  * leveraging an intermediate BigDecimal object.
  */
-inline fun Double?.convertZecToZatoshi(decimals: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits): Long {
+inline fun Double?.convertZecToZatoshi(decimals: Int = ZEC_FORMATTER.maximumFractionDigits): Zatoshi {
     return this.toZec(decimals).convertZecToZatoshi()
 }
 
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/ZcashSdk.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/ZcashSdk.kt
index 34130b78..e87184cc 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/ZcashSdk.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/ext/ZcashSdk.kt
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext
 
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
+
 /**
  * Wrapper for all the constant values in the SDK. It is important that these values stay fixed for
  * all users of the SDK. Otherwise, if individual wallet makers are using different values, it
@@ -11,12 +13,7 @@ object ZcashSdk {
     /**
      * Miner's fee in zatoshi.
      */
-    val MINERS_FEE_ZATOSHI = 1_000L
-
-    /**
-     * The number of zatoshi that equal 1 ZEC.
-     */
-    val ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC = 100_000_000L
+    val MINERS_FEE = Zatoshi(1_000L)
 
     /**
      * The theoretical maximum number of blocks in a reorg, due to other bottlenecks in the protocol design.
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManager.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManager.kt
index 410e8155..5566eecb 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManager.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/PersistentTransactionManager.kt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.db.PendingTransactionDao
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.db.PendingTransactionDb
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.service.LightWalletService
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers.IO
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
@@ -70,14 +71,14 @@ class PersistentTransactionManager(
     //
 
     override suspend fun initSpend(
-        zatoshiValue: Long,
+        value: Zatoshi,
         toAddress: String,
         memo: String,
         fromAccountIndex: Int
     ): PendingTransaction = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
         twig("constructing a placeholder transaction")
         var tx = PendingTransactionEntity(
-            value = zatoshiValue,
+            value = value.value,
             toAddress = toAddress,
             memo = memo.toByteArray(),
             accountIndex = fromAccountIndex
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/TransactionManager.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/TransactionManager.kt
index db555469..896757c4 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/TransactionManager.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/internal/transaction/TransactionManager.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.transaction
 
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.db.entity.PendingTransaction
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
 
 /**
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ interface OutboundTransactionManager {
      * @return the associated pending transaction whose ID can be used to monitor for changes.
      */
     suspend fun initSpend(
-        zatoshi: Long,
+        zatoshi: Zatoshi,
         toAddress: String,
         memo: String,
         fromAccountIndex: Int
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackend.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackend.kt
index 76e2e78f..e7634ea2 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackend.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackend.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.ext.ZcashSdk.SPEND_PARAM_FILE_NAME
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.SdkDispatchers
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.ext.deleteSuspend
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.internal.twig
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.tool.DerivationTool
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.UnifiedViewingKey
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
@@ -100,36 +101,51 @@ class RustBackend private constructor() : RustBackendWelding {
         }
     }
 
-    override suspend fun getShieldedAddress(account: Int) = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
-        getShieldedAddress(
-            pathDataDb,
-            account,
-            networkId = network.id
-        )
-    }
+    override suspend fun getShieldedAddress(account: Int) =
+        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            getShieldedAddress(
+                pathDataDb,
+                account,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
 
     override suspend fun getTransparentAddress(account: Int, index: Int): String {
         throw NotImplementedError("TODO: implement this at the zcash_client_sqlite level. But for now, use DerivationTool, instead to derive addresses from seeds")
     }
 
-    override suspend fun getBalance(account: Int) = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
-        getBalance(
-            pathDataDb,
-            account,
-            networkId = network.id
-        )
+    override suspend fun getBalance(account: Int): Zatoshi {
+        val longValue = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            getBalance(
+                pathDataDb,
+                account,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
+
+        return Zatoshi(longValue)
     }
 
-    override suspend fun getVerifiedBalance(account: Int) = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
-        getVerifiedBalance(
-            pathDataDb,
-            account,
-            networkId = network.id
-        )
+    override suspend fun getVerifiedBalance(account: Int): Zatoshi {
+        val longValue = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            getVerifiedBalance(
+                pathDataDb,
+                account,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
+
+        return Zatoshi(longValue)
     }
 
     override suspend fun getReceivedMemoAsUtf8(idNote: Long) =
-        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) { getReceivedMemoAsUtf8(pathDataDb, idNote, networkId = network.id) }
+        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            getReceivedMemoAsUtf8(
+                pathDataDb,
+                idNote,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
 
     override suspend fun getSentMemoAsUtf8(idNote: Long) = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
         getSentMemoAsUtf8(
@@ -147,13 +163,14 @@ class RustBackend private constructor() : RustBackendWelding {
         )
     }
 
-    override suspend fun getNearestRewindHeight(height: Int): Int = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
-        getNearestRewindHeight(
-            pathDataDb,
-            height,
-            networkId = network.id
-        )
-    }
+    override suspend fun getNearestRewindHeight(height: Int): Int =
+        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            getNearestRewindHeight(
+                pathDataDb,
+                height,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
 
     /**
      * Deletes data for all blocks above the given height. Boils down to:
@@ -161,7 +178,13 @@ class RustBackend private constructor() : RustBackendWelding {
      * DELETE FROM blocks WHERE height > ?
      */
     override suspend fun rewindToHeight(height: Int) =
-        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) { rewindToHeight(pathDataDb, height, networkId = network.id) }
+        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            rewindToHeight(
+                pathDataDb,
+                height,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
 
     override suspend fun scanBlocks(limit: Int): Boolean {
         return if (limit > 0) {
@@ -184,13 +207,14 @@ class RustBackend private constructor() : RustBackendWelding {
         }
     }
 
-    override suspend fun decryptAndStoreTransaction(tx: ByteArray) = withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
-        decryptAndStoreTransaction(
-            pathDataDb,
-            tx,
-            networkId = network.id
-        )
-    }
+    override suspend fun decryptAndStoreTransaction(tx: ByteArray) =
+        withContext(SdkDispatchers.DATABASE_IO) {
+            decryptAndStoreTransaction(
+                pathDataDb,
+                tx,
+                networkId = network.id
+            )
+        }
 
     override suspend fun createToAddress(
         consensusBranchId: Long,
@@ -281,7 +305,7 @@ class RustBackend private constructor() : RustBackendWelding {
                 networkId = network.id
             )
         }
-        return WalletBalance(total, verified)
+        return WalletBalance(Zatoshi(total), Zatoshi(verified))
     }
 
     override fun isValidShieldedAddr(addr: String) =
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackendWelding.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackendWelding.kt
index 82268809..80711ad4 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackendWelding.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/jni/RustBackendWelding.kt
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.jni
 
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.UnifiedViewingKey
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.WalletBalance
 import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type.ZcashNetwork
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ interface RustBackendWelding {
 
     suspend fun getTransparentAddress(account: Int = 0, index: Int = 0): String
 
-    suspend fun getBalance(account: Int = 0): Long
+    suspend fun getBalance(account: Int = 0): Zatoshi
 
     fun getBranchIdForHeight(height: Int): Long
 
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ interface RustBackendWelding {
 
     suspend fun getSentMemoAsUtf8(idNote: Long): String
 
-    suspend fun getVerifiedBalance(account: Int = 0): Long
+    suspend fun getVerifiedBalance(account: Int = 0): Zatoshi
 
 //    fun parseTransactionDataList(tdl: LocalRpcTypes.TransactionDataList): LocalRpcTypes.TransparentTransactionList
 
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/Zatoshi.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/Zatoshi.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0216d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/Zatoshi.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model
+
+/**
+ * A unit of currency used throughout the SDK.
+ *
+ * End users (e.g. app users) generally are not shown Zatoshi values.  Instead they are presented
+ * with ZEC, which is a decimal value represented only as a String.  ZEC are not used internally,
+ * to avoid floating point imprecision.
+ */
+data class Zatoshi(val value: Long) {
+    init {
+        require(value >= MIN_INCLUSIVE) { "Zatoshi must be in the range [$MIN_INCLUSIVE, $MAX_INCLUSIVE]" }
+        require(value <= MAX_INCLUSIVE) { "Zatoshi must be in the range [$MIN_INCLUSIVE, $MAX_INCLUSIVE]" }
+    }
+
+    operator fun plus(other: Zatoshi) = Zatoshi(value + other.value)
+    operator fun minus(other: Zatoshi) = Zatoshi(value - other.value)
+
+    companion object {
+        /**
+         * The number of Zatoshi that equal 1 ZEC.
+         */
+        const val ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC = 100_000_000L
+
+        private const val MAX_ZEC_SUPPLY = 21_000_000
+
+        const val MIN_INCLUSIVE = 0
+
+        const val MAX_INCLUSIVE = ZATOSHI_PER_ZEC * MAX_ZEC_SUPPLY
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/type/WalletTypes.kt b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/type/WalletTypes.kt
index 4ea674d7..b7ebbbc1 100644
--- a/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/type/WalletTypes.kt
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/main/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/type/WalletTypes.kt
@@ -1,37 +1,32 @@
 package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.type
 
+import cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model.Zatoshi
+
 /**
  * Data structure to hold the total and available balance of the wallet. This is what is
  * received on the balance channel.
  *
- * @param totalZatoshi the total balance, ignoring funds that cannot be used.
- * @param availableZatoshi the amount of funds that are available for use. Typical reasons that funds
+ * @param total the total balance, ignoring funds that cannot be used.
+ * @param available the amount of funds that are available for use. Typical reasons that funds
  * may be unavailable include fairly new transactions that do not have enough confirmations or
  * notes that are tied up because we are awaiting change from a transaction. When a note has
  * been spent, its change cannot be used until there are enough confirmations.
  */
 data class WalletBalance(
-    val totalZatoshi: Long = -1,
-    val availableZatoshi: Long = -1
+    val total: Zatoshi,
+    val available: Zatoshi
 ) {
-    val pendingZatoshi = totalZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(0) - availableZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(0)
-    operator fun plus(other: WalletBalance): WalletBalance {
-        return if (
-            totalZatoshi == -1L && other.totalZatoshi == -1L &&
-            availableZatoshi == -1L && other.availableZatoshi == -1L
-        ) {
-            // if everything is uninitialized, then return the same
-            WalletBalance(-1L, -1L)
-        } else {
-            // otherwise, ignore any uninitialized values
-            WalletBalance(
-                totalZatoshi = totalZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(0) + other.totalZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(0),
-                availableZatoshi = availableZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(0) + other.availableZatoshi.coerceAtLeast(
-                    0
-                )
-            )
-        }
+    init {
+        require(total.value >= available.value) { "Wallet total balance must be >= available balance" }
     }
+
+    val pending = total - available
+
+    operator fun plus(other: WalletBalance): WalletBalance =
+        WalletBalance(
+            total + other.total,
+            available + other.available
+        )
 }
 
 /**
@@ -76,7 +71,13 @@ interface UnifiedAddress {
     val rawTransparentAddress: String
 }
 
-enum class ZcashNetwork(val id: Int, val networkName: String, val saplingActivationHeight: Int, val defaultHost: String, val defaultPort: Int) {
+enum class ZcashNetwork(
+    val id: Int,
+    val networkName: String,
+    val saplingActivationHeight: Int,
+    val defaultHost: String,
+    val defaultPort: Int
+) {
     Testnet(0, "testnet", 280_000, "testnet.lightwalletd.com", 9067),
     Mainnet(1, "mainnet", 419_200, "mainnet.lightwalletd.com", 9067);
 
diff --git a/sdk-lib/src/test/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/ZatoshiTest.kt b/sdk-lib/src/test/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/ZatoshiTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7427bbbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk-lib/src/test/java/cash/z/ecc/android/sdk/model/ZatoshiTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package cash.z.ecc.android.sdk.model
+
+import org.junit.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+
+class ZatoshiTest {
+    @Test
+    fun minValue() {
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            Zatoshi(Zatoshi.MIN_INCLUSIVE - 1L)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun maxValue() {
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            Zatoshi(Zatoshi.MAX_INCLUSIVE + 1)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun plus() {
+        assertEquals(Zatoshi(4), Zatoshi(1) + Zatoshi(3))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun minus() {
+        assertEquals(Zatoshi(3), Zatoshi(4) - Zatoshi(1))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun minus_fail() {
+        assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
+            Zatoshi(5) - Zatoshi(6)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index e820f274..b66cb8a0 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ dependencyResolutionManagement {
             library("junit-api", "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:$junitVersion")
             library("junit-engine", "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:$junitVersion")
             library("junit-migration", "org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-migrationsupport:$junitVersion")
+            library("kotlin-test", "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-test:$kotlinVersion")
             library("kotlinx-coroutines-test", "org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-test:$kotlinxCoroutinesVersion")
             library("mockito-android", "org.mockito:mockito-android:$mockitoVersion")
             library("mockito-junit", "org.mockito:mockito-junit-jupiter:$mockitoVersion")