2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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::
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ZIP: 225
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Title: Version 5 Transaction Format
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Owners: Daira Hopwood <daira@electriccoin.co>
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Jack Grigg <jack@electriccoin.co>
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Sean Bowe <sean@electriccoin.co>
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Kris Nuttycombe <kris@electriccoin.co>
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Ying Tong Lai <yingtong@electriccoin.co>
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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Status: Draft
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2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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Category: Consensus
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Discussions-To: <https://github.com/zcash/zips/issues/440>
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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Terminology
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===========
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2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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The key words "MUST" and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
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RFC 2119. [#RFC2119]_
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The term "network upgrade" in this document is to be interpreted as described in ZIP 200
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[#zip-0200]_.
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Abstract
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========
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This proposal defines an update to the Zcash peer-to-peer transaction format to include
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support for data elements required to support the Orchard protocol [#protocol_nu5]_. The
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new transaction format defines well-bounded regions of the serialized form for to serve
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each of the existing pools of funds, and adds and describes a new region containing
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Orchard-specific elements.
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This ZIP also defines the modifications to the computation of the values **TxId Digest**,
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**Signature Digest**, and **Authorizing Data Commitment** defined by ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_.
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Motivation
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==========
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The new Orchard shielded pool requires a serialized data elements that are distinct from
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any previous Zcash transaction. In addition, with the activation of ZIP 244, the
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serialized transaction format will no longer be consensus-critical. It makes sense at this
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point to define a format that can readily accommodate future extension in a systematic
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fashion, where elements required for support for a given pool are kept separate.
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Requirements
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============
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The new format must fully support the Orchard protocol.
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The new format should lend itself to future extension or pruning to add or remove
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value pools.
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The computation of the non-malleable transaction identifier hash must include all
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newly incorporated elements except those that attest to transaction validity.
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The computation of the commitment to authorizing data for a transaction must include
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all newly incorporated elements that attest to transaction validity.
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Non-requirements
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================
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More general forms of extensibility, such as definining a key/value format that
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allows for parsers that are unaware of some components, are not required.
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Specification
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=============
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The Zcash transaction format for transaction version 5 is as follows:
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Transaction Format
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------------------
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+======================================+============================================================+
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| **Common Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``header`` |``uint32`` |Contains: |
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| | | | * fOverwintered flag (bit 31, always set) |
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| | | | * version (bits 30 .. 0) – transaction version. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``nVersionGroupId`` |``uint32`` |Version group ID (nonzero). |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``lock_time`` |``uint32`` |Unix-epoch UTC time or block height, encoded as in Bitcoin. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``nExpiryHeight`` |``uint32`` |A block height in the range {1 .. 499999999} after which |
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| | | |the transaction will expire, or 0 to disable expiry. |
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| | | |[ZIP-203] |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Transparent Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_in_count`` |``compactSize`` |Number of transparent inputs in tx_in |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_in`` |``tx_in`` |Transparent inputs, encoded as in Bitcoin |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_out_count`` |``compactSize`` |Number of transparent outputs in tx_out |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_out`` |``tx_out`` |Transparent outputs, encoded as in Bitcoin |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Sprout Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nJoinSplits`` |``compactSize`` |The number of JoinSplit descriptions in vJoinSplits |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``1698 * nJoinSplits`` |``vJoinSplits`` |``JSDescriptionGroth16[nJoinSplits]`` |A sequence of JoinSplit descrptions using Groth16 proofs, |
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| | | |encoded per § 7.2 ‘JoinSplit Description Encoding |
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| | | |and Consensus’ |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``joinSplitPubKey`` |``byte[32]`` |An encoding of a JoinSplitSig public validating key |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64`` |``joinSplitSig`` |``byte[64]`` |A signature on a prefix of the transaction encoding, |
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| | | |to be verfied using joinSplitPubKeyas specied in § 4.11 |
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| | | |‘Non-malleability (Sprout)’ |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Sapling Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nSaplingSpends`` |``compactSize`` |Number of Sapling Spend Descriptions in vSaplingSpends |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``vSaplingSpends`` |``SaplingSpend[nSaplingSpends]`` |A sequence of Sapling Spend Descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |protocol §7.3 "Spend Description Encoding and Consensus" |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nSaplingOutputs`` |``compactSize`` |Number of Sapling Output Decriptions in vSaplingOutputs |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``vSaplingOutputs`` |``SaplingOutput[nSaplingOutputs]`` |A sequence of Sapling Output Descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |protocol §7.4 "Output Description Encoding and Consensus" |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``8`` |``valueBalanceSapling`` |``int64`` |The net value of Sapling spends minus outputs |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``anchorSapling`` |``byte[32]`` |A root of the Sapling note commitment tree |
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| | | |at some block height in the past |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64`` |``bindingSigSapling`` |``byte[64]`` |A Sapling binding signature on the SIGHASH transaction hash |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Orchard Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nOrchardActions`` |``compactSize`` |The number of Orchard Action Descriptions in |
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| | | |vOrchardActions |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``884 * nOrchardActions`` |``vOrchardActions`` |``OrchardAction[nOrchardActions]`` |A sequence of Orchard Action descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |§ 7.5 ‘Action Description Encoding and Consensus’ |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``8`` |``valueBalanceOrchard`` |``int64`` |The net value of Orchard spends minus outputs |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``anchorOrchard`` |``byte[32]`` |A root of the Orchard note commitment tree at some block |
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| | | |height in the past |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``2208 * nOrchardActions`` |``zkproofsOrchard`` |``byte[2208 * nOrchardActions]`` |Encodings of the zk-SNARK proofs for each OrchardAction |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64 * nOrchardActions`` |``spendAuthSigsOrchard`` |``byte[64 * nOrchardActions]`` |Authorizing signatures for each OrchardAction |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64`` |``bindingSigOrchard`` |``byte[64]`` |An Orchard binding signature on the SIGHASH transaction hash|
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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* The valueBalanceSapling , anchorSapling , and bindingSigSapling fields are present if
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and only if nSaplingSpends + nSaplingOutputs > 0. If valueBalanceSapling is not present,
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then valueBalanceSapling is defined to be 0.
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* The valueBalanceOrchard , anchorOrchard , and bindingSigOrchard fields are present if
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and only if nOrchardActions > 0. If valueBalanceOrchard is not present, then valueBalanceOrchard is
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defined to be 0.
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* The joinSplitPubKey and joinSplitSig fields are present if and only if nJoinSplit > 0.
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* The elements of ``zkProofsOrchard`` and ``spendAuthSigsOrchard`` have a 1:1
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correspondence to the elements of ``vOrchardActions`` and must be ordered such that
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the proof or signature at a given index corresponds to the ``OrchardAction`` at
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the same index.
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The encodings of ``tx_in``, ``tx_out``, ``JSDescriptionGroth16``, ``SaplingSpend``, and ``SaplingOutput``
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are as in NU4 [#protocol_nu4]_. The encoding of ``OrchardAction`` is described below.
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Orchard Action Description
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--------------------------
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+======================================+============================================================+
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|``32`` |``cv`` |``byte[32]`` |A value commitment to the net value of the input note minus |
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| | | |the output note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``nullifier`` |``byte[32]`` |The nullifier of the input note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``rk`` |``byte[32]`` |The randomized validating key for the element of |
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| | | |spendAuthSigsOrchard corresponding to this action. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``cmu`` |``byte[32]`` |The u-coordinate of the note commitment for the output note |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``ephemeralKey`` |``byte[32]`` |An encoding of an ephemeral Pallas public key |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``580`` |``encCiphertext`` |``byte[580]`` |The encrypted contents of the note plaintext. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``80`` |``outCiphertext`` |``byte[580]`` |The encrypted contents of the byte string created by |
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| | | |concatenation of the transmission key with the ephemeral |
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| | | |secret key. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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The encodings of each of these elements are defined in § 7.5 ‘Action Description Encoding
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and Consensus’ of version 2021.1.16 of the Zcash Protocol Specification [#protocol_nu5]_.
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Modifications to ZIP 244
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========================
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TxId Digest
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-----------
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The tree of hashes defined by ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_ is re-structured to include a new
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branch for Orchard hashes. The ``orchard_digest`` branch is the only new addition to the
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tree; ``header_digest``, ``transparent_digest``, ``sprout_digest``, and ``sapling_digest``
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are as in ZIP 244::
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txid_digest
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├── header_digest
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├── transparent_digest
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├── sprout_digest
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├── sapling_digest
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└── orchard_digest
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txid_digest
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```````````
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The top hash of the ``txid_digest`` tree is modified from the ZIP 244 structure
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to be a BLAKE2b-256 hash of the following values ::
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T.1: header_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.2: transparent_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.3: sprout_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.4: sapling_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.5: orchard_digest (32-byte hash output)
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The personalization field of this hash is unmodified from ZIP 244.
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2: ``orchard_digest``
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'''''''''''''''''''''
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the following values ::
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T.5c: anchorOrchard (32 bytes)
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T.5b: orchard_actions_compact_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.5c: orchard_actions_memos_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.5d: orchard_actions_noncompact_digest (32-byte hash output)
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T.5e: valueBalanceOrchard (64-bit signed little-endian)
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The personalization field of this hash is set to::
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"ZTxIdOrchardHash"
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T.5b: orchard_actions_compact_digest
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....................................
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the subset of Orchard action information intended to be included in
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an updated version of the ZIP-307 [#zip-0307]_ ``CompactBlock`` format for all Orchard
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actions belonging to the transaction. For each action, the following elements are included
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in the hash::
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T.5b.i : nullifier (field encoding bytes)
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T.5b.ii : cmu (field encoding bytes)
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T.5b.iii: ephemeralKey (field encoding bytes)
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T.5b.iv : encCiphertext[..52] (First 52 bytes of field encoding)
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The personalization field of this hash is set to::
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"ZTxIdOrcOutCHash"
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T.5c: orchard_actions_memos_digest
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..................................
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the subset of Orchard shielded memo field data for all Orchard
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actions belonging to the transaction. For each action, the following elements are included
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in the hash::
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T.5c.i: encCiphertext[52..564] (contents of the encrypted memo field)
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The personalization field of this hash is set to::
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"ZTxIdOrcOutMHash"
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T.5d: orchard_actions_noncompact_digest
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.......................................
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the remaining subset of Orchard action information **not** intended
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for inclusion in an updated version of the the ZIP 307 [#zip-0307]_ ``CompactBlock``
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format, for all Orchard actions belonging to the transaction. For each action,
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the following elements are included in the hash::
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T.5d.i : cv (field encoding bytes)
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T.5d.ii : rk (field encoding bytes)
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T.5d.iii: encCiphertext[564..] (post-memo suffix of field encoding)
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T.5d.iv : outCiphertext (field encoding bytes)
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The personalization field of this hash is set to::
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"ZTxIdOrcOutNHash" (2 underscore characters)
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Signature Digest
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----------------
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The signature digest creation algorithm defined by ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_ is modified to
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include a new branch for Orchard hashes. The ``orchard_digest`` branch is the only new addition
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to the tree; ``header_digest``, ``transparent_digest``, ``sprout_digest``, and
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``sapling_digest`` are as in ZIP 244::
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signature_digest
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├── header_digest
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├── transparent_digest
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├── sprout_digest
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├── sapling_digest
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└── orchard_digest
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signature_digest
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````````````````
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the following values ::
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S.1: header_digest (32-byte hash output)
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S.2: transparent_digest (32-byte hash output)
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S.3: sprout_digest (32-byte hash output)
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S.4: sapling_digest (32-byte hash output)
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S.5: orchard_digest (32-byte hash output)
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The personalization field of this hash is unmodified from ZIP 244
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S.5: orchard_digest
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'''''''''''''''''''
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Identical to that specified for the transaction identifier.
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Authorizing Data Commitment
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---------------------------
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The tree of hashes defined by ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_ for authorizing data commitments is
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re-structured to include a new branch for Orchard actions. The ``orchard_digest`` branch
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is the only new addition to the tree; ``transparent_digest``, ``sprout_digest``, and
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``sapling_digest`` are as in ZIP 244::
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auth_digest
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├── transparent_scripts_digest
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├── sprout_auth_digest
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├── sapling_auth_digest
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└── orchard_auth_digest
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auth_digest
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```````````
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The tree of hashes defined by ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_ for authorizing data commitments is
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re-structured to include a new branch for Orchard authorizing data. The
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``orchard_auth_digest`` branch is the only new addition to the tree;
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``transparent_auth_digest``, ``sprout_auth_digest``, and ``sapling_auth_digest`` are as in
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ZIP 244::
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A.1: transparent_scripts_digest (32-byte hash output)
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A.2: sprout_auth_digest (32-byte hash output)
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A.3: sapling_auth_digest (32-byte hash output)
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A.4: orchard_auth_digest (32-byte hash output)
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The personalization field of this hash is unmodified from ZIP 244.
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A.4: orchard_auth_digest
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````````````````````````
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A BLAKE2b-256 hash of the field encoding of the ``zkProofsOrchard``,
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``spendAuthSigsOrchard``, and ``bindingSigOrchard`` fields of the transaction::
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A.4a: zkproofsOrchard (field encoding bytes)
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A.4b: spendAuthSigsOrchard (field encoding bytes)
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A.4c: bindingSigOrchard (field encoding bytes)
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The personalization field of this hash is set to::
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"ZTxAuthOrchaHash"
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Reference implementation
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========================
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TBD
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References
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==========
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.. [#RFC2119] `RFC 2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119.html>`_
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.. [#protocol_nu4] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2020.1.15 <protocol/protocol.pdf>`_
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.. [#protocol_nu5] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2021.1.16 or later <protocol/orchard.pdf>`_
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.. [#zip-0244] `ZIP 244: Transaction Identifier Non-Malleability<zip-0244.rst>`_
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.. [#zip-0307] `ZIP 307: Light Client Protocol for Payment Detection <zip-0307.rst>`_
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