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<H1>[zapps-wg] Powers of Tau Ceremony Proposal</H1>
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<B>Sean Bowe</B>
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<A HREF="mailto:zapps-wg%40lists.zfnd.org?Subject=Re%3A%20%5Bzapps-wg%5D%20Powers%20of%20Tau%20Ceremony%20Proposal&In-Reply-To=%3CCAKazn3nkPvRH9UzTGZdsORNRXfMzvFNpVgN__DrjWf9dAqDysg%40mail.gmail.com%3E"
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TITLE="[zapps-wg] Powers of Tau Ceremony Proposal">sean at z.cash
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<I>Sat Nov 11 17:31:53 EST 2017</I>
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<!--beginarticle-->
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<PRE>Thanks Jared! Awesome! I've verified the contribution and put your
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response file up on the transcript repository.
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Can you submit a PR here to fill in more information (including a
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signed attestation):
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<A HREF="https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/powersoftau-attestations/tree/master/0003">https://github.com/ZcashFoundation/powersoftau-attestations/tree/master/0003</A>
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Cody Burns is going next.
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Sean
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On Sat, Nov 11, 2017 at 1:35 PM, Jared Tobin <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">jared at jtobin.io</A>> wrote:
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><i>
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</I>><i> Hi all, here's my report:
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Powers of Tau Operational Writeup
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</I>><i> =================================
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Round: 3
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</I>><i> Date: 2017-11-12
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</I>><i> Name: Jared Tobin
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</I>><i> Location: Auckland, NZ
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Challenge:
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</I>><i> e712fa22f1d027a0b4ce3ef698f26d5cab07c3380e4c24a479a914c85617fd1a2960b386cceb5c94718979010a1b7ed8b6145da872f0744e06503bd664fe7283
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</I>><i> Response:
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</I>><i> cb48afb82ab4c476ae741633c3eb6643e7700dc7b2b4701af91e3cc932270b96c375e5f3a5c20c96fac6c9b40a5bba6c956d66f223f090c545c277aa05427757
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Preparation Steps
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</I>><i> =================
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Being somewhat pressed for time and hardware, I recruited several
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</I>><i> geographically-distributed volunteers that I know well and trust
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</I>><i> completely to help me out. In the end, the following volunteers were
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</I>><i> able to get back to me in time:
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> * Shawn Tobin (RSA Canada)
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</I>><i> * Fredrik Harryson (Parity Technologies)
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</I>><i> * Jason Forbes (Kraken Sonar Systems)
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> I set up a private Keybase team with the above volunteers, distributed
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</I>><i> the challenge to them over KBFS, and gave them instructions over the
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</I>><i> team chat on how to proceed. Each was to add entropy and compute the
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</I>><i> response locally using whatever mechanisms they preferred (report not
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</I>><i> required), then return their response/hash pairs to me over KBFS. Each
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</I>><i> member was to use the code in Sean's powersoftau repository as of commit
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</I>><i> 9e1553c437183540392a7231d0788318a19b18a3 to perform the computation.
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Procedure
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</I>><i> =========
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> I computed a response locally in rather mundane fashion using rustc
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</I>><i> 1.21.0 on an early-2015 model Macbook Air running Sierra. Eventually
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</I>><i> the volunteers managed to upload their response/hash pairs to KBFS, and
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</I>><i> I randomly selected one of the resulting four responses to submit for my
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</I>><i> piece of the MPC.
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> I uploaded the resulting response via the handy app Sean provided me with.
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> Side channel defences
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</I>><i> =====================
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> I used broad geographical distribution and randomness to mitigate the
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</I>><i> possibility of successful side channel attacks. Shawn was located in
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</I>><i> Vancouver, Canada, Fredrik was located in Malmö, Sweden, and Jason was
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</I>><i> located in St. John's, Canada.
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> I selected the response to upload by pre-determining a correspondence
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</I>><i> between names and numbers, and then walking outside and asking the first
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</I>><i> stranger I saw to pick a number between one and four.
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> - jared
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i> On Sat, Nov 11, 2017 at 12:25:33AM +0000, Jason Davies via zapps-wg wrote:
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</I>>><i> Hi all,
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Here is my report:
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Powers of Tau Operational Writeup
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</I>>><i> =================================
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Round: 2
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</I>>><i> Date: 2017-11-10
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</I>>><i> Name: Jason Davies
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</I>>><i> Location: London, UK
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Challenge: 467bc84f6eb98ff956eaf12a1b7ef4dc0aff1093c7a0d5c1dfbdb85bbfffb20a43965d0daefee3fec6c1a47af69100e117b44b74371824ac8af1e33b6f91add5
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</I>>><i> Response: 2f728af894524f55bda7a3e2c2e2db6a57a992811e90ed57456d62aead5106cdc5c97c86532d14b5185cc74d169f1b0c2c0ef1e582231ffa7936da55047c0cb2
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Preparation Steps
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</I>>><i> =================
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Git repository: <A HREF="https://github.com/ebfull/powersoftau">https://github.com/ebfull/powersoftau</A>
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</I>>><i> Commit hash: 9e1553c437183540392a7231d0788318a19b18a3
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</I>>><i> Compiler: rustc 1.23.0-nightly (d6b06c63a 2017-11-09)
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</I>>><i> Build: cargo build --release --features=u128-support
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</I>>><i> b2sum(./target/release/compute): be42f68b07c5c857bb6561a9ac2967d671ef412a71c87c2fb31776a6ab38c756736de66e554553021e129ecab45d922092873df8b71bd9a775ec05f189485198
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> I used a brand new 16GB USB stick and loaded ubuntu-17.04-desktop-amd64.iso; b2sum: 6a1c975b25b4e7f2dbf4fda84fe8b5de3ed6f4532b8c4f17e533ed11a0a8b5b9ad9fb83e8e4b89447c3a427be73f77a5f7c71b7f733fcc4bebf346e9c5c0de43.
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> I reformatted a second brand new 16GB USB stick to ext4, then copied the
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</I>>><i> `challenge` file and the `target/release/compute` binary.
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Sidechannel Defences
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</I>>><i> ====================
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> First of all, I lined a large cardboard box with aluminium foil in order to
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</I>>><i> make a rudimentary faraday cage. Then, I assembled an airgap compute node
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</I>>><i> using some relatively cheap parts, putting them all inside the box:
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> * Motherboard: Asus H81 Pro BTC (no radio, bluetooth or speakers AFAIK)
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</I>>><i> * CPU: Intel G1840
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</I>>><i> * Ram: 2x cheap 1GB sticks
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</I>>><i> * PSU: EVGA SuperNOVA 1300 G2
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</I>>><i> * Monitor: old Dell TFT display
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</I>>><i> * Keyboard: generic USB keyboard
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> No other peripherals or cables were connected. I placed the compute node in my
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</I>>><i> cellar (~6ft below ground level) and I remained with the node during the entire
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</I>>><i> time it was computing, without using any other devices in the vicinity (no
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</I>>><i> mobile phone etc.) The only cables coming out of the box were the two power
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</I>>><i> cables, one for the PSU and one for the monitor.
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Image: <A HREF="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DOT55KUXUAEV44-.jpg:large">https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DOT55KUXUAEV44-.jpg:large</A>
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Procedure
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</I>>><i> =========
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> I booted the node, with "Try Ubuntu" (Live CD mode). Then, I inserted the
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</I>>><i> challenge USB stick and ran `./compute` in the USB media directory, entering
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</I>>><i> some additional entropy as requested by typing randomly on the keyboard. The
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</I>>><i> box lid was only partially opened to allow use of the keyboard and to view the
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</I>>><i> monitor at this point. After 60 minutes had passed, I looked inside the lid
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</I>>><i> and saw that the computation had completed, so I wrote down the BLAKE2b hash,
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</I>>><i> and unmounted and removed the USB stick, and then powered the node down.
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> Postprocessing
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</I>>><i> ==============
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> I took the USB stick and transferred the response file to my laptop, and then
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</I>>><i> uploaded it using the laptop to S3 via Sean Bowe's transcript site.
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> I did not destroy the compute node but I'm unlikely to use it or plug it in for
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</I>>><i> some time.
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</I>>><i> --
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</I>>><i> Jason Davies, <A HREF="https://www.jasondavies.com">https://www.jasondavies.com</A>
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</I>>><i>
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</I>><i>
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</I>><i>
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i>
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</I>>><i> > On 10 Nov 2017, at 22:11, Sean Bowe via zapps-wg <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">zapps-wg at lists.z.cash.foundation</A>> wrote:
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > Thanks Andrew! That's a great start.
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > Now it's Jason Davies' turn.
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > The entire transcript will appear here throughout the process:
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > <A HREF="https://powersoftau-transcript.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/index.html">https://powersoftau-transcript.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/index.html</A>
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > We can make a more formal announcement once we're in the groove and
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</I>>><i> > everything looks good. We're getting a repo up with attestations soon
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</I>>><i> > also.
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > Sean
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</I>>><i> >
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</I>>><i> > On Fri, Nov 10, 2017 at 12:53 PM, Andrew Miller <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">soc1024 at illinois.edu</A>> wrote:
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</I>>><i> >> OK, I'll go first. Below is my report:
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Powers of Tau Operational writeup
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</I>>><i> >> =================================
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</I>>><i> >> Round: 1
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</I>>><i> >> Date: 2011-11-10
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</I>>><i> >> Name: Andrew Miller
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</I>>><i> >> Location: Champaign, Illinois
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Challenge: (genesis)
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</I>>><i> >> ce00f2100dd876fdff8dd824f55307bcb72d724f29ff20b9e0760f3a65e5588a65eaed57cbc61697111ae1f4cc7da2e62a85311c2ae683a041fb872b891c68dc
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</I>>><i> >> Response:
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</I>>><i> >> 15729e0edc4201dc5ee6241437d926f614cb4214ff1b9c6fbd73daf401639f7a4238cf04bc94edac9f2ad037003daab9a4408ba7c62a4413dc2a0ddd683bd719
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</I>>><i> >> ./response-2017-11-10-amiller
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Preparation steps
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</I>>><i> >> =================
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</I>>><i> >> I used Sean’s powersoftau rust repo, commit
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</I>>><i> >> 9e1553c437183540392a7231d0788318a19b18a3
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> I followed instructions online for building portable rust binaries,
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</I>>><i> >> and so I ran
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</I>>><i> >> ```
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</I>>><i> >> cargo build --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --release
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</I>>><i> >> --features=u128-support --bin=compute
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</I>>><i> >> ```
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Compiler: rustc 1.23.0-nightly (02004ef78 2017-11-08)
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> I copied the resulting binary to a freshly formatted USB stick I had.
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> b2sum:
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</I>>><i> >> 9059a0a64f5021c36df630ca48ac40674862b2fea14f4843ff2150256b95162ac4d6d1621d2dd3f5d0d1c604ad8e581c0ff449d2449140380eab075a9b83c960
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</I>>><i> >> ./target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/compute
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> I also rummaged through my shelf of several USB sticks, and found one
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</I>>><i> >> that happened to be a Linux Mint 18 USB bootable disk, so I used that
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</I>>><i> >> for my operating system.
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Sidechannel defenses
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</I>>><i> >> ====================
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</I>>><i> >> I used an airgap compute node, a Dell Inspiron that I’ve had for about
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</I>>><i> >> a year now (Actually this is a computer I bought last year for
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</I>>><i> >> dress-rehearsals in the Zcash Sprout param generation ceremony).
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> I unplugged all the computer’s hard drives, and detached its
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</I>>><i> >> wifi/bluetooth radios. I booted the computer from the Linux Mint
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</I>>><i> >> livecd usb stick, and then also copied the binaries into RAM. The
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</I>>><i> >> compute node was located in my bedroom, and I attended it for the ~1hr
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</I>>><i> >> duration of the compute process.
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Image: <A HREF="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DOSZz4FXkAEKC7N.jpg:large">https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DOSZz4FXkAEKC7N.jpg:large</A>
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> Postprocessing
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</I>>><i> >> ==============
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</I>>><i> >> After compute was finished, I took a cell phone picture of the blake2b
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</I>>><i> >> hash of the response. I then copied the response file to the USB stick
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</I>>><i> >> containing the binaries, and then I unplugged the compute node. Using
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</I>>><i> >> my personal laptop, I posted the blake2b hash to the #mpc chat and
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</I>>><i> >> uploaded the response file to s3.
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> The repsonse file is hosted here for now, though I expect we'll
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</I>>><i> >> mirror it elsewhere later:
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</I>>><i> >> <A HREF="https://s3.amazonaws.com/socrates1024_a/response-2017-11-10-amiller">https://s3.amazonaws.com/socrates1024_a/response-2017-11-10-amiller</A>
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> I did not destroy the compute node and do plan to use it again,
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</I>>><i> >> although I'm going to leave it unplugged for several days.
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >> On Wed, Nov 8, 2017 at 10:19 PM, Sean Bowe <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">sean at z.cash</A>> wrote:
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</I>>><i> >>> Note that the `response` file contains a hash of the `challenge` file
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</I>>><i> >>> that was used as input for the compute tool. As a result, only the
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</I>>><i> >>> hashes of the `response` files need to be published; a hash chain is
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</I>>><i> >>> formed through all participants. The initial challenge file is
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</I>>><i> >>> deterministic. (You can use the `new` tool on the repository to
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</I>>><i> >>> construct it.)
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</I>>><i> >>>
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</I>>><i> >>> The initial challenge file has BLAKE2b hash:
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</I>>><i> >>>
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</I>>><i> >>> ce00f2100dd876fdff8dd824f55307bcb72d724f29ff20b9e0760f3a65e5588a65eaed57cbc61697111ae1f4cc7da2e62a85311c2ae683a041fb872b891c68dc
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</I>>><i> >>>
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</I>>><i> >>> It doesn't hurt to post hashes of everything though. Hash all the things.
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</I>>><i> >>>
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</I>>><i> >>> Sean
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</I>>><i> >>>
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</I>>><i> >>> On Wed, Nov 8, 2017 at 4:51 PM, Andrew Miller <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">soc1024 at illinois.edu</A>> wrote:
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</I>>><i> >>>> Thanks Sean!
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</I>>><i> >>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>> My idea is to use an ad hoc and publicly visible process. "Get in
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</I>>><i> >>>> contact with [sean]" could be as simple as posting in public to this
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</I>>><i> >>>> thread. Unless we're overrun by trolls, a public mailing list can be
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</I>>><i> >>>> an informal way to agree on who goes next. Whoever posts and says "Me,
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</I>>><i> >>>> me! I'd like to go next", should, by convention, go next. Any
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</I>>><i> >>>> aberrations (parties taking too long or dropping out, posting invalid
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</I>>><i> >>>> data, etc., can be dealt with as needed).
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</I>>><i> >>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>> I believe it's also the case that
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</I>>><i> >>>> a) The "response" file from each person is roughly the same as the
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</I>>><i> >>>> "challenge" file for the next participant, and
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</I>>><i> >>>> b) The response/challenge files are safe to be published at any time,
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</I>>><i> >>>> not private at all.
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</I>>><i> >>>> So, by convention, we should post the hashes of those files here right
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</I>>><i> >>>> away, and make a best effort to mirror them publicly (each one is like
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</I>>><i> >>>> a gigabyte, I think).
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</I>>><i> >>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>> What does the initial challenge file consist of? Could you post the
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</I>>><i> >>>> hash of it here?
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</I>>><i> >>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>> Cheers,
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</I>>><i> >>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>> On Wed, Nov 8, 2017 at 3:04 PM, Sean Bowe via zapps-wg
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</I>>><i> >>>> <<A HREF="/mailman/listinfo/zapps-wg">zapps-wg at lists.z.cash.foundation</A>> wrote:
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> Ariel Gabizon, Ian Miers and I have just published a new paper detailing a
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> multi-party computation (MPC) protocol for constructing zk-SNARK public
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</I>>><i> >>>>> parameters.
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> <A HREF="https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/1050">https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/1050</A>
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> The highlights are:
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> * It allows for a single, gigantic ceremony to take place for all possible
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> zk-SNARK circuits within a given size bound. The results of this ceremony
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> are partial zk-SNARK parameters for the entire community. We call this
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> communal ceremony the Powers of Tau.
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> * If you want to use zk-SNARKs in your protocols, you still have to do an
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> MPC for your circuit. But because of the Powers of Tau ceremony, your
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> ceremony is much cheaper to perform and the costs per-participant scale
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> linearly with respect to the circuit complexity.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> * The best part is that the Powers of Tau and these circuit-specific MPCs
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> can scale to hundreds/thousands of participants. As the number of
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> participants grows, it becomes unrealistic that all of them could be
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> compromised.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> So, let's do the Powers of Tau ceremony! The Zcash Foundation is excited to
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> participate in the process. The Zcash Company is particularly excited in
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> starting soon because we want to leverage it for our next MPC for the
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> Sapling upgrade of Zcash.
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> The MPC protocol for this ceremony only requires that one participant
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> successfully destroy the secret randomness they sample during their part. We
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> intend to give participants total flexibility in deciding how to
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> participate; we don't mind what software, hardware or OS you use.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> I have written some Rust software for participants to run:
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> <A HREF="https://github.com/ebfull/powersoftau">https://github.com/ebfull/powersoftau</A>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
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</I>>><i> >>>>> In order to simplify auditing, I won't be making any more changes to the
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> code unless absolutely necessary. You don't have to use this software, but
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> there are no alternative implementations at this time. I think it should be
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> feasible to write a C version of the code using the RELIC toolkit, which has
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> implemented BLS12-381. I am very confident in the Rust code, though, and I
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> believe in its stability/correctness.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> I have some opinions about the ceremony:
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> 1. I disagree with processes that don't improve security of the ceremony.
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> Having a small surface area of code and process increases the chance that
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> bugs will be discovered by auditors because there are fewer things that can
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> go wrong. Remember that there is already quite a bit for the public to
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> check: the transcript correctness, the code correctness, the randomness
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> beacon, the cryptographic proof, code dependencies, etc.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> 2. It needs to start soon so that it can be useful for the Sapling MPC.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> 3. It needs to have lots of reputable participants by the time we start the
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> Sapling MPC.
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> Given the above, I would like to suggest that we start the ceremony now
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> using my existing code, which supports circuits up to 2^21 gates. This means
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> people would just get in contact with me if they want to participate and
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> I'll schedule them in. I'll try to prioritize reputable people, but I'll
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> allow pretty much anyone I have time to. Everything that I do is publicly
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> verifiable (there is a transcript at the end of the ceremony which people
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> can check).
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> Andrew Miller has a few interesting ideas for a more distributed process for
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> scheduling "who goes next" but there are some disadvantages and risks
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> involved IMO. In any case, the process can be changed later without
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> affecting anything, so I don't see a purpose in delaying the start of the
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> ceremony on such things.
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>>> I'd like to hear from others about this plan so we can begin soon!
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>>
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> Sean Bowe
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>> Zcash Company
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>>
|
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</I>>><i> >>>> --
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>> Andrew Miller
|
|
</I>>><i> >>>> University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
|
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >>
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</I>>><i> >>
|
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</I>>><i> >> --
|
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</I>>><i> >> Andrew Miller
|
|
</I>>><i> >> University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
|
|
</I>>><i>
|
|
</I>><i>
|
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</I>
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</PRE>
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