diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b00d828..874eb51 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ members = [
   "tower-buffer",
   "tower-discover",
   "tower-filter",
-  # "tower-hedge",
+  "tower-hedge",
   "tower-layer",
   "tower-limit",
   "tower-load",
diff --git a/tower-balance/Cargo.toml b/tower-balance/Cargo.toml
index ba82037..5ca87b8 100644
--- a/tower-balance/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower-balance/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ tower-layer = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-layer" }
 tower-load = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-load" }
 tower-service = "=0.3.0-alpha.1"
 tower-make = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-make" }
-tower-util = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-util" }
 slab = "0.4"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/tower-balance/src/p2c/service.rs b/tower-balance/src/p2c/service.rs
index ab84d11..2b9b3f1 100644
--- a/tower-balance/src/p2c/service.rs
+++ b/tower-balance/src/p2c/service.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use futures_util::{stream, try_future, try_future::TryFutureExt};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use pin_project::pin_project;
 use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, FromEntropy};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{
     future::Future,
     pin::Pin,
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ use tokio_sync::oneshot;
 use tower_discover::{Change, Discover};
 use tower_load::Load;
 use tower_service::Service;
-use tower_util::Ready;
 use tracing::{debug, trace};
 
 /// Distributes requests across inner services using the [Power of Two Choices][p2c].
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ pub struct Balance<D: Discover, Req> {
     next_ready_index: Option<usize>,
 
     rng: SmallRng,
+
+    _req: PhantomData<Req>,
 }
 
 #[pin_project]
@@ -61,8 +63,9 @@ struct UnreadyService<K, S, Req> {
     key: Option<K>,
     #[pin]
     cancel: oneshot::Receiver<()>,
-    #[pin]
-    ready: tower_util::Ready<S, Req>,
+    service: Option<S>,
+
+    _req: PhantomData<Req>,
 }
 
 enum Error<E> {
@@ -84,6 +87,8 @@ where
             cancelations: IndexMap::default(),
             unready_services: stream::FuturesUnordered::new(),
             next_ready_index: None,
+
+            _req: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 
@@ -139,8 +144,9 @@ where
         self.cancelations.insert(key.clone(), tx);
         self.unready_services.push(UnreadyService {
             key: Some(key),
-            ready: Ready::new(svc),
+            service: Some(svc),
             cancel: rx,
+            _req: PhantomData,
         });
     }
 
@@ -342,15 +348,18 @@ impl<K, S: Service<Req>, Req> Future for UnreadyService<K, S, Req> {
             return Poll::Ready(Err((key, Error::Canceled)));
         }
 
-        match ready!(this.ready.poll(cx)) {
-            Ok(svc) => {
-                let key = this.key.take().expect("polled after ready");
-                Poll::Ready(Ok((key, svc)))
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                let key = this.key.take().expect("polled after ready");
-                Poll::Ready(Err((key, Error::Inner(e))))
-            }
+        let res = ready!(this
+            .service
+            .as_mut()
+            .expect("poll after ready")
+            .poll_ready(cx));
+
+        let key = this.key.take().expect("polled after ready");
+        let svc = this.service.take().expect("polled after ready");
+
+        match res {
+            Ok(()) => Poll::Ready(Ok((key, svc))),
+            Err(e) => Poll::Ready(Err((key, Error::Inner(e)))),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/Cargo.toml b/tower-hedge/Cargo.toml
index 9fcf134..64caa39 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower-hedge/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 [package]
 name = "tower-hedge"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.3.0-alpha.1"
 authors = ["Alex Leong <adlleong@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
 publish = false
 
 [dependencies]
-futures = "0.1"
 hdrhistogram = "6.0"
 log = "0.4.1"
-tower-service = "0.2.0"
-tower-filter = { version = "0.1", path = "../tower-filter" }
-tokio-mock-task = { git = "https://github.com/carllerche/tokio-mock-task" }
-tokio-timer = "0.2.6"
+tower-service = "0.3.0-alpha.1"
+tower-filter = { version = "0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-filter" }
+tokio-timer = "0.3.0-alpha.4"
+futures-util-preview = "0.3.0-alpha.18"
+pin-project = "0.4.0-alpha.10"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-tower-test = { version = "0.1", path = "../tower-test" }
-tokio-executor = "0.1.2"
+tower-test = { version = "0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-test" }
+tokio-test = "0.2.0-alpha.4"
+tokio-executor = "0.2.0-alpha.4"
diff --git a/tower-hedge/src/delay.rs b/tower-hedge/src/delay.rs
index 21ff048..e94691f 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/src/delay.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/src/delay.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
-use tower_service::Service;
-
+use futures_util::ready;
+use pin_project::{pin_project, project};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use tower_service::Service;
 
 /// A policy which specifies how long each request should be delayed for.
 pub trait Policy<Request> {
@@ -16,16 +21,19 @@ pub struct Delay<P, S> {
     service: S,
 }
 
+#[pin_project]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResponseFuture<Request, S, F> {
     service: S,
+    #[pin]
     state: State<Request, F>,
 }
 
+#[pin_project]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum State<Request, F> {
-    Delaying(tokio_timer::Delay, Option<Request>),
-    Called(F),
+    Delaying(#[pin] tokio_timer::Delay, Option<Request>),
+    Called(#[pin] F),
 }
 
 impl<P, S> Delay<P, S> {
@@ -49,8 +57,8 @@ where
     type Error = super::Error;
     type Future = ResponseFuture<Request, S, S::Future>;
 
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.service.poll_ready().map_err(|e| e.into())
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx).map_err(|e| e.into())
     }
 
     fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
@@ -63,37 +71,36 @@ where
         };
         ResponseFuture {
             service: orig,
-            state: State::Delaying(tokio_timer::Delay::new(deadline), Some(request)),
+            state: State::Delaying(tokio_timer::delay(deadline), Some(request)),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<Request, S, F> Future for ResponseFuture<Request, S, F>
+impl<Request, S, F, T, E> Future for ResponseFuture<Request, S, F>
 where
-    F: Future,
-    F::Error: Into<super::Error>,
-    S: Service<Request, Future = F, Response = F::Item, Error = F::Error>,
+    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    E: Into<super::Error>,
+    S: Service<Request, Future = F, Response = T, Error = E>,
 {
-    type Item = F::Item;
-    type Error = super::Error;
+    type Output = Result<T, super::Error>;
+
+    #[project]
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let mut this = self.project();
 
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
         loop {
-            let next = match self.state {
-                State::Delaying(ref mut delay, ref mut req) => match delay.poll() {
-                    Ok(Async::NotReady) => return Ok(Async::NotReady),
-                    Ok(Async::Ready(())) => {
-                        let req = req.take().expect("Missing request in delay");
-                        let fut = self.service.call(req);
-                        State::Called(fut)
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
-                },
-                State::Called(ref mut fut) => {
-                    return fut.poll().map_err(|e| e.into());
+            #[project]
+            match this.state.project() {
+                State::Delaying(delay, req) => {
+                    ready!(delay.poll(cx));
+                    let req = req.take().expect("Missing request in delay");
+                    let fut = this.service.call(req);
+                    this.state.set(State::Called(fut));
+                }
+                State::Called(fut) => {
+                    return fut.poll(cx).map_err(Into::into);
                 }
             };
-            self.state = next;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/src/latency.rs b/tower-hedge/src/latency.rs
index 5633857..20065b6 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/src/latency.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/src/latency.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
+use futures_util::ready;
+use pin_project::pin_project;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
 use tokio_timer::clock;
 use tower_service::Service;
 
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
 /// Record is the interface for accepting request latency measurements.  When
 /// a request completes, record is called with the elapsed duration between
 /// when the service was called and when the future completed.
@@ -19,10 +24,12 @@ pub struct Latency<R, S> {
     service: S,
 }
 
+#[pin_project]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResponseFuture<R, F> {
     start: Instant,
     rec: R,
+    #[pin]
     inner: F,
 }
 
@@ -42,15 +49,15 @@ where
 impl<S, R, Request> Service<Request> for Latency<R, S>
 where
     S: Service<Request>,
-    S::Error: Into<super::Error>,
+    super::Error: From<S::Error>,
     R: Record + Clone,
 {
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = super::Error;
     type Future = ResponseFuture<R, S::Future>;
 
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.service.poll_ready().map_err(|e| e.into())
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx).map_err(|e| e.into())
     }
 
     fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
@@ -62,24 +69,20 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<R, F> Future for ResponseFuture<R, F>
+impl<R, F, T, E> Future for ResponseFuture<R, F>
 where
     R: Record,
-    F: Future,
-    F::Error: Into<super::Error>,
+    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    super::Error: From<E>,
 {
-    type Item = F::Item;
-    type Error = super::Error;
+    type Output = Result<T, super::Error>;
 
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
-        match self.inner.poll() {
-            Ok(Async::NotReady) => Ok(Async::NotReady),
-            Ok(Async::Ready(rsp)) => {
-                let duration = clock::now() - self.start;
-                self.rec.record(duration);
-                Ok(Async::Ready(rsp))
-            }
-            Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
-        }
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.project();
+
+        let rsp = ready!(this.inner.poll(cx))?;
+        let duration = clock::now() - *this.start;
+        this.rec.record(duration);
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(rsp))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/src/lib.rs b/tower-hedge/src/lib.rs
index dc4b761..c95638b 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,18 +3,16 @@
 
 #![deny(warnings)]
 #![deny(missing_docs)]
-extern crate futures;
-extern crate hdrhistogram;
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate log;
-extern crate tokio_timer;
-extern crate tower_filter;
-extern crate tower_service;
 
-use futures::future::FutureResult;
-use futures::{future, Poll};
+use futures_util::future;
+use log::error;
+use pin_project::pin_project;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
 use tower_filter::Filter;
 
 mod delay;
@@ -38,12 +36,16 @@ type Service<S, P> = select::Select<
 /// future or the retry future completes, that value is used.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Hedge<S, P>(Service<S, P>);
+
+#[pin_project]
 /// The Future returned by the hedge Service.
-pub struct Future<S, P, Request>(<Service<S, P> as tower_service::Service<Request>>::Future)
+pub struct Future<S, Request>
 where
-    S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-    S::Error: Into<Error>,
-    P: Policy<Request> + Clone;
+    S: tower_service::Service<Request>,
+{
+    #[pin]
+    inner: S::Future,
+}
 
 type Error = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
 
@@ -58,15 +60,20 @@ pub trait Policy<Request> {
     fn can_retry(&self, req: &Request) -> bool;
 }
 
+// NOTE: these are pub only because they appear inside a Future<F>
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-struct PolicyPredicate<P>(P);
+pub struct PolicyPredicate<P>(P);
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-struct DelayPolicy {
+pub struct DelayPolicy {
     histo: Histo,
     latency_percentile: f32,
 }
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-struct SelectPolicy<P> {
+pub struct SelectPolicy<P> {
     policy: P,
     histo: Histo,
     min_data_points: u64,
@@ -83,7 +90,7 @@ impl<S, P> Hedge<S, P> {
     ) -> Hedge<S, P>
     where
         S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-        S::Error: Into<Error>,
+        Error: From<S::Error>,
         P: Policy<Request> + Clone,
     {
         let histo = Arc::new(Mutex::new(RotatingHistogram::new(period)));
@@ -102,7 +109,7 @@ impl<S, P> Hedge<S, P> {
     ) -> Hedge<S, P>
     where
         S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-        S::Error: Into<Error>,
+        Error: From<S::Error>,
         P: Policy<Request> + Clone,
     {
         let histo = Arc::new(Mutex::new(RotatingHistogram::new(period)));
@@ -124,7 +131,7 @@ impl<S, P> Hedge<S, P> {
     ) -> Hedge<S, P>
     where
         S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-        S::Error: Into<Error>,
+        Error: From<S::Error>,
         P: Policy<Request> + Clone,
     {
         // Clone the underlying service and wrap both copies in a middleware that
@@ -157,33 +164,33 @@ impl<S, P> Hedge<S, P> {
 impl<S, P, Request> tower_service::Service<Request> for Hedge<S, P>
 where
     S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-    S::Error: Into<Error>,
+    Error: From<S::Error>,
     P: Policy<Request> + Clone,
 {
     type Response = S::Response;
     type Error = Error;
-    type Future = Future<S, P, Request>;
+    type Future = Future<Service<S, P>, Request>;
 
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
-        self.0.poll_ready()
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.0.poll_ready(cx)
     }
 
     fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
-        Future(self.0.call(request))
+        Future {
+            inner: self.0.call(request),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<S, P, Request> futures::Future for Future<S, P, Request>
+impl<S, Request> std::future::Future for Future<S, Request>
 where
-    S: tower_service::Service<Request> + Clone,
-    S::Error: Into<Error>,
-    P: Policy<Request> + Clone,
+    S: tower_service::Service<Request>,
+    Error: From<S::Error>,
 {
-    type Item = S::Response;
-    type Error = Error;
+    type Output = Result<S::Response, Error>;
 
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
-        self.0.poll()
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        self.project().inner.poll(cx).map_err(Into::into)
     }
 }
 
@@ -213,19 +220,19 @@ where
     P: Policy<Request>,
 {
     type Future = future::Either<
-        FutureResult<(), tower_filter::error::Error>,
-        future::Empty<(), tower_filter::error::Error>,
+        future::Ready<Result<(), tower_filter::error::Error>>,
+        future::Pending<Result<(), tower_filter::error::Error>>,
     >;
 
     fn check(&mut self, request: &Request) -> Self::Future {
         if self.0.can_retry(request) {
-            future::Either::A(future::ok(()))
+            future::Either::Left(future::ready(Ok(())))
         } else {
             // If the hedge retry should not be issued, we simply want to wait
             // for the result of the original request.  Therefore we don't want
-            // to return an error here.  Instead, we use future::empty to ensure
+            // to return an error here.  Instead, we use future::pending to ensure
             // that the original request wins the select.
-            future::Either::B(future::empty())
+            future::Either::Right(future::pending())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/src/rotating_histogram.rs b/tower-hedge/src/rotating_histogram.rs
index 7caea77..0fbb965 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/src/rotating_histogram.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/src/rotating_histogram.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 extern crate tokio_timer;
 
 use hdrhistogram::Histogram;
+use log::trace;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
 use tokio_timer::clock;
 
 /// This represents a "rotating" histogram which stores two histogram, one which
diff --git a/tower-hedge/src/select.rs b/tower-hedge/src/select.rs
index a78a6a1..54d6f09 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/src/select.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/src/select.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-use futures::{Async, Future, Poll};
+use pin_project::pin_project;
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
 use tower_service::Service;
 
 /// A policy which decides which requests can be cloned and sent to the B
@@ -18,9 +23,12 @@ pub struct Select<P, A, B> {
     b: B,
 }
 
+#[pin_project]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ResponseFuture<AF, BF> {
+    #[pin]
     a_fut: AF,
+    #[pin]
     b_fut: Option<BF>,
 }
 
@@ -41,21 +49,20 @@ impl<P, A, B, Request> Service<Request> for Select<P, A, B>
 where
     P: Policy<Request>,
     A: Service<Request>,
-    A::Error: Into<super::Error>,
+    super::Error: From<A::Error>,
     B: Service<Request, Response = A::Response>,
-    B::Error: Into<super::Error>,
+    super::Error: From<B::Error>,
 {
     type Response = A::Response;
     type Error = super::Error;
     type Future = ResponseFuture<A::Future, B::Future>;
 
-    fn poll_ready(&mut self) -> Poll<(), Self::Error> {
-        let a = self.a.poll_ready().map_err(|e| e.into())?;
-        let b = self.b.poll_ready().map_err(|e| e.into())?;
-        if a.is_ready() && b.is_ready() {
-            Ok(Async::Ready(()))
-        } else {
-            Ok(Async::NotReady)
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        match (self.a.poll_ready(cx), self.b.poll_ready(cx)) {
+            (Poll::Ready(Ok(())), Poll::Ready(Ok(()))) => Poll::Ready(Ok(())),
+            (Poll::Ready(Err(e)), _) => Poll::Ready(Err(e.into())),
+            (_, Poll::Ready(Err(e))) => Poll::Ready(Err(e.into())),
+            _ => Poll::Pending,
         }
     }
 
@@ -72,29 +79,26 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<AF, BF> Future for ResponseFuture<AF, BF>
+impl<AF, BF, T, AE, BE> Future for ResponseFuture<AF, BF>
 where
-    AF: Future,
-    AF::Error: Into<super::Error>,
-    BF: Future<Item = AF::Item>,
-    BF::Error: Into<super::Error>,
+    AF: Future<Output = Result<T, AE>>,
+    super::Error: From<AE>,
+    BF: Future<Output = Result<T, BE>>,
+    super::Error: From<BE>,
 {
-    type Item = AF::Item;
-    type Error = super::Error;
+    type Output = Result<T, super::Error>;
 
-    fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
-        match self.a_fut.poll() {
-            Ok(Async::NotReady) => {}
-            Ok(Async::Ready(a)) => return Ok(Async::Ready(a)),
-            Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+    fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.project();
+
+        if let Poll::Ready(r) = this.a_fut.poll(cx) {
+            return Poll::Ready(Ok(r?));
         }
-        if let Some(ref mut b_fut) = self.b_fut {
-            match b_fut.poll() {
-                Ok(Async::NotReady) => {}
-                Ok(Async::Ready(b)) => return Ok(Async::Ready(b)),
-                Err(e) => return Err(e.into()),
+        if let Some(b_fut) = this.b_fut.as_pin_mut() {
+            if let Poll::Ready(r) = b_fut.poll(cx) {
+                return Poll::Ready(Ok(r?));
             }
         }
-        return Ok(Async::NotReady);
+        return Poll::Pending;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/tests/hedge.rs b/tower-hedge/tests/hedge.rs
index a86c76c..99e29ab 100644
--- a/tower-hedge/tests/hedge.rs
+++ b/tower-hedge/tests/hedge.rs
@@ -1,142 +1,153 @@
-extern crate futures;
-extern crate tokio_executor;
-extern crate tokio_mock_task;
-extern crate tokio_timer;
-extern crate tower_hedge as hedge;
-extern crate tower_service;
-extern crate tower_test;
-
-#[macro_use]
-mod support;
-use support::*;
-
-use futures::Future;
-use hedge::{Hedge, Policy};
-use tower_service::Service;
-
+use futures_util::pin_mut;
+use std::future::Future;
 use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio_test::{assert_pending, assert_ready, assert_ready_ok, clock, task};
+use tower_hedge::{Hedge, Policy};
+use tower_service::Service;
+use tower_test::assert_request_eq;
 
 #[test]
 fn hedge_orig_completes_first() {
-    let (mut service, mut handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+    task::mock(|cx| {
+        clock::mock(|time| {
+            let (mut service, handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+            pin_mut!(handle);
 
-    mocked(|timer, _| {
-        assert!(service.poll_ready().unwrap().is_ready());
-        let mut fut = service.call("orig");
-        // Check that orig request has been issued.
-        let (_, req) = handle.next_request().expect("orig");
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            assert_ready_ok!(service.poll_ready(cx));
+            let fut = service.call("orig");
+            pin_mut!(fut);
 
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        advance(timer, ms(10));
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        // Check that the hedge has been issued.
-        let (_, _hedge_req) = handle.next_request().expect("hedge");
+            // Check that orig request has been issued.
+            let req = assert_request_eq!(handle, "orig");
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        req.send_response("orig-done");
-        // Check that fut gets orig response.
-        assert_eq!(fut.wait().unwrap(), "orig-done");
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
+            time.advance(Duration::from_millis(10));
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
+            // Check that the hedge has been issued.
+            let _hedge_req = assert_request_eq!(handle, "orig");
+
+            req.send_response("orig-done");
+            // Check that fut gets orig response.
+            assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx)), "orig-done");
+        });
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn hedge_hedge_completes_first() {
-    let (mut service, mut handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+    task::mock(|cx| {
+        clock::mock(|time| {
+            let (mut service, handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+            pin_mut!(handle);
 
-    mocked(|timer, _| {
-        assert!(service.poll_ready().unwrap().is_ready());
-        let mut fut = service.call("orig");
-        // Check that orig request has been issued.
-        let (_, _req) = handle.next_request().expect("orig");
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            assert_ready_ok!(service.poll_ready(cx));
+            let fut = service.call("orig");
+            pin_mut!(fut);
+            // Check that orig request has been issued.
+            let _req = assert_request_eq!(handle, "orig");
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        advance(timer, ms(10));
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
+            time.advance(Duration::from_millis(10));
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        // Check that the hedge has been issued.
-        let (_, hedge_req) = handle.next_request().expect("hedge");
-        hedge_req.send_response("hedge-done");
-        // Check that fut gets hedge response.
-        assert_eq!(fut.wait().unwrap(), "hedge-done");
+            // Check that the hedge has been issued.
+            let hedge_req = assert_request_eq!(handle, "orig");
+            hedge_req.send_response("hedge-done");
+            // Check that fut gets hedge response.
+            assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx)), "hedge-done");
+        });
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn completes_before_hedge() {
-    let (mut service, mut handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+    task::mock(|cx| {
+        clock::mock(|_| {
+            let (mut service, handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+            pin_mut!(handle);
 
-    mocked(|_, _| {
-        assert!(service.poll_ready().unwrap().is_ready());
-        let mut fut = service.call("orig");
-        // Check that orig request has been issued.
-        let (_, req) = handle.next_request().expect("orig");
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            assert_ready_ok!(service.poll_ready(cx));
+            let fut = service.call("orig");
+            pin_mut!(fut);
+            // Check that orig request has been issued.
+            let req = assert_request_eq!(handle, "orig");
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        req.send_response("orig-done");
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        // Check that fut gets orig response.
-        assert_eq!(fut.wait().unwrap(), "orig-done");
+            req.send_response("orig-done");
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
+            // Check that fut gets orig response.
+            assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx)), "orig-done");
+        });
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn request_not_retyable() {
-    let (mut service, mut handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+    task::mock(|cx| {
+        clock::mock(|time| {
+            let (mut service, handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+            pin_mut!(handle);
 
-    mocked(|timer, _| {
-        assert!(service.poll_ready().unwrap().is_ready());
-        let mut fut = service.call(NOT_RETRYABLE);
-        // Check that orig request has been issued.
-        let (_, req) = handle.next_request().expect("orig");
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            assert_ready_ok!(service.poll_ready(cx));
+            let fut = service.call(NOT_RETRYABLE);
+            pin_mut!(fut);
+            // Check that orig request has been issued.
+            let req = assert_request_eq!(handle, NOT_RETRYABLE);
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        advance(timer, ms(10));
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
+            time.advance(Duration::from_millis(10));
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
 
-        req.send_response("orig-done");
-        // Check that fut gets orig response.
-        assert_eq!(fut.wait().unwrap(), "orig-done");
+            req.send_response("orig-done");
+            // Check that fut gets orig response.
+            assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx)), "orig-done");
+        });
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn request_not_clonable() {
-    let (mut service, mut handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+    task::mock(|cx| {
+        clock::mock(|time| {
+            let (mut service, handle) = new_service(TestPolicy);
+            pin_mut!(handle);
 
-    mocked(|timer, _| {
-        assert!(service.poll_ready().unwrap().is_ready());
-        let mut fut = service.call(NOT_CLONABLE);
-        // Check that orig request has been issued.
-        let (_, req) = handle.next_request().expect("orig");
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            assert_ready_ok!(service.poll_ready(cx));
+            let fut = service.call(NOT_CLONABLE);
+            pin_mut!(fut);
+            // Check that orig request has been issued.
+            let req = assert_request_eq!(handle, NOT_CLONABLE);
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
 
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        advance(timer, ms(10));
-        // Check fut is not ready.
-        assert!(fut.poll().unwrap().is_not_ready());
-        // Check hedge has not been issued.
-        assert!(handle.poll_request().unwrap().is_not_ready());
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
+            time.advance(Duration::from_millis(10));
+            // Check fut is not ready.
+            assert_pending!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx));
+            // Check hedge has not been issued.
+            assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx));
 
-        req.send_response("orig-done");
-        // Check that fut gets orig response.
-        assert_eq!(fut.wait().unwrap(), "orig-done");
+            req.send_response("orig-done");
+            // Check that fut gets orig response.
+            assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.as_mut().poll(cx)), "orig-done");
+        });
     });
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +162,7 @@ static NOT_CLONABLE: &'static str = "NOT_CLONABLE";
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct TestPolicy;
 
-impl hedge::Policy<Req> for TestPolicy {
+impl tower_hedge::Policy<Req> for TestPolicy {
     fn can_retry(&self, req: &Req) -> bool {
         *req != NOT_RETRYABLE
     }
diff --git a/tower-hedge/tests/support/mod.rs b/tower-hedge/tests/support/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 01955f8..0000000
--- a/tower-hedge/tests/support/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
-// Shamelessly copied verbatim from
-// https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/blob/master/tokio-timer/tests/support/mod.rs
-
-#![allow(unused_macros, unused_imports, dead_code, deprecated)]
-
-use tokio_executor::park::{Park, Unpark};
-use tokio_timer::clock::Now;
-use tokio_timer::timer::Timer;
-
-use futures::future::{lazy, Future};
-
-use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
-
-macro_rules! assert_ready {
-    ($f:expr) => {{
-        use ::futures::Async::*;
-
-        match $f.poll().unwrap() {
-            Ready(v) => v,
-            NotReady => panic!("NotReady"),
-        }
-    }};
-    ($f:expr, $($msg:expr),+) => {{
-        use ::futures::Async::*;
-
-        match $f.poll().unwrap() {
-            Ready(v) => v,
-            NotReady => {
-                let msg = format!($($msg),+);
-                panic!("NotReady; {}", msg)
-            }
-        }
-    }}
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_ready_eq {
-    ($f:expr, $expect:expr) => {
-        assert_eq!($f.poll().unwrap(), ::futures::Async::Ready($expect));
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_not_ready {
-    ($f:expr) => {{
-        let res = $f.poll().unwrap();
-        assert!(!res.is_ready(), "actual={:?}", res)
-    }};
-    ($f:expr, $($msg:expr),+) => {{
-        let res = $f.poll().unwrap();
-        if res.is_ready() {
-            let msg = format!($($msg),+);
-            panic!("actual={:?}; {}", res, msg);
-        }
-    }};
-}
-
-macro_rules! assert_elapsed {
-    ($f:expr) => {
-        assert!($f.poll().unwrap_err().is_elapsed());
-    };
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MockTime {
-    inner: Inner,
-    _p: PhantomData<Rc<()>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MockNow {
-    inner: Inner,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MockPark {
-    inner: Inner,
-    _p: PhantomData<Rc<()>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct MockUnpark {
-    inner: Inner,
-}
-
-type Inner = Arc<Mutex<State>>;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct State {
-    base: Instant,
-    advance: Duration,
-    unparked: bool,
-    park_for: Option<Duration>,
-}
-
-pub fn ms(num: u64) -> Duration {
-    Duration::from_millis(num)
-}
-
-pub trait IntoTimeout {
-    fn into_timeout(self) -> Option<Duration>;
-}
-
-impl IntoTimeout for Option<Duration> {
-    fn into_timeout(self) -> Self {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl IntoTimeout for Duration {
-    fn into_timeout(self) -> Option<Duration> {
-        Some(self)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Turn the timer state once
-pub fn turn<T: IntoTimeout>(timer: &mut Timer<MockPark>, duration: T) {
-    timer.turn(duration.into_timeout()).unwrap();
-}
-
-/// Advance the timer the specified amount
-pub fn advance(timer: &mut Timer<MockPark>, duration: Duration) {
-    let inner = timer.get_park().inner.clone();
-    let deadline = inner.lock().unwrap().now() + duration;
-
-    while inner.lock().unwrap().now() < deadline {
-        let dur = deadline - inner.lock().unwrap().now();
-        turn(timer, dur);
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn mocked<F, R>(f: F) -> R
-where
-    F: FnOnce(&mut Timer<MockPark>, &mut MockTime) -> R,
-{
-    mocked_with_now(Instant::now(), f)
-}
-
-pub fn mocked_with_now<F, R>(now: Instant, f: F) -> R
-where
-    F: FnOnce(&mut Timer<MockPark>, &mut MockTime) -> R,
-{
-    let mut time = MockTime::new(now);
-    let park = time.mock_park();
-    let now = ::tokio_timer::clock::Clock::new_with_now(time.mock_now());
-
-    let mut enter = ::tokio_executor::enter().unwrap();
-
-    ::tokio_timer::clock::with_default(&now, &mut enter, |enter| {
-        let mut timer = Timer::new(park);
-        let handle = timer.handle();
-
-        ::tokio_timer::with_default(&handle, enter, |_| {
-            lazy(|| Ok::<_, ()>(f(&mut timer, &mut time)))
-                .wait()
-                .unwrap()
-        })
-    })
-}
-
-impl MockTime {
-    pub fn new(now: Instant) -> MockTime {
-        let state = State {
-            base: now,
-            advance: Duration::default(),
-            unparked: false,
-            park_for: None,
-        };
-
-        MockTime {
-            inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(state)),
-            _p: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn mock_now(&self) -> MockNow {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        MockNow { inner }
-    }
-
-    pub fn mock_park(&self) -> MockPark {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        MockPark {
-            inner,
-            _p: PhantomData,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn now(&self) -> Instant {
-        self.inner.lock().unwrap().now()
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the total amount of time the time has been advanced.
-    pub fn advanced(&self) -> Duration {
-        self.inner.lock().unwrap().advance
-    }
-
-    pub fn advance(&self, duration: Duration) {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-        inner.advance(duration);
-    }
-
-    /// The next call to park_timeout will be for this duration, regardless of
-    /// the timeout passed to `park_timeout`.
-    pub fn park_for(&self, duration: Duration) {
-        self.inner.lock().unwrap().park_for = Some(duration);
-    }
-}
-
-impl Park for MockPark {
-    type Unpark = MockUnpark;
-    type Error = ();
-
-    fn unpark(&self) -> Self::Unpark {
-        let inner = self.inner.clone();
-        MockUnpark { inner }
-    }
-
-    fn park(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.lock().map_err(|_| ())?;
-
-        let duration = inner.park_for.take().expect("call park_for first");
-
-        inner.advance(duration);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn park_timeout(&mut self, duration: Duration) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.lock().unwrap();
-
-        if let Some(duration) = inner.park_for.take() {
-            inner.advance(duration);
-        } else {
-            inner.advance(duration);
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Unpark for MockUnpark {
-    fn unpark(&self) {
-        if let Ok(mut inner) = self.inner.lock() {
-            inner.unparked = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Now for MockNow {
-    fn now(&self) -> Instant {
-        self.inner.lock().unwrap().now()
-    }
-}
-
-impl State {
-    fn now(&self) -> Instant {
-        self.base + self.advance
-    }
-
-    fn advance(&mut self, duration: Duration) {
-        self.advance += duration;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tower-spawn-ready/Cargo.toml b/tower-spawn-ready/Cargo.toml
index 6fa8c1a..2634654 100644
--- a/tower-spawn-ready/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower-spawn-ready/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ futures-util-preview = "=0.3.0-alpha.18"
 pin-project = "=0.4.0-alpha.11"
 tower-service = "=0.3.0-alpha.1"
 tower-layer = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-layer" }
-tower-util = { version = "=0.3.0-alpha.1", path = "../tower-util" }
 tokio-executor = "=0.2.0-alpha.4"
 tokio-sync = "=0.2.0-alpha.4"
 
diff --git a/tower-spawn-ready/src/future.rs b/tower-spawn-ready/src/future.rs
index 8ccc760..fb31641 100644
--- a/tower-spawn-ready/src/future.rs
+++ b/tower-spawn-ready/src/future.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use crate::error::Error;
 use futures_core::ready;
 use pin_project::pin_project;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{
     future::Future,
     pin::Pin,
@@ -11,18 +12,13 @@ use std::{
 use tokio_executor::TypedExecutor;
 use tokio_sync::oneshot;
 use tower_service::Service;
-use tower_util::Ready;
 
 #[pin_project]
 /// Drives a service to readiness.
-pub struct BackgroundReady<T, Request>
-where
-    T: Service<Request>,
-    T::Error: Into<Error>,
-{
-    #[pin]
-    ready: Ready<T, Request>,
+pub struct BackgroundReady<T, Request> {
+    service: Option<T>,
     tx: Option<oneshot::Sender<Result<T, Error>>>,
+    _req: PhantomData<Request>,
 }
 
 /// This trait allows you to use either Tokio's threaded runtime's executor or
@@ -55,8 +51,9 @@ where
 {
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
     let bg = BackgroundReady {
-        ready: Ready::new(service),
+        service: Some(service),
         tx: Some(tx),
+        _req: PhantomData,
     };
     (bg, rx)
 }
@@ -75,7 +72,9 @@ where
             return Poll::Ready(());
         }
 
-        let result = ready!(this.ready.poll(cx));
+        let result = ready!(this.service.as_mut().expect("illegal state").poll_ready(cx))
+            .map(|()| this.service.take().expect("illegal state"));
+
         let _ = this
             .tx
             .take()
diff --git a/tower-util/src/ready.rs b/tower-util/src/ready.rs
index 3ce57be..cc11628 100644
--- a/tower-util/src/ready.rs
+++ b/tower-util/src/ready.rs
@@ -13,42 +13,38 @@ use tower_service::Service;
 ///
 /// `Ready` values are produced by `ServiceExt::ready`.
 #[pin_project]
-pub struct Ready<T, Request> {
-    inner: Option<T>,
+pub struct Ready<'a, T, Request> {
+    inner: &'a mut T,
     _p: PhantomData<fn() -> Request>,
 }
 
-impl<T, Request> Ready<T, Request>
+impl<'a, T, Request> Ready<'a, T, Request>
 where
     T: Service<Request>,
 {
-    pub fn new(service: T) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(service: &'a mut T) -> Self {
         Ready {
-            inner: Some(service),
+            inner: service,
             _p: PhantomData,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, Request> Future for Ready<T, Request>
+impl<'a, T, Request> Future for Ready<'a, T, Request>
 where
     T: Service<Request>,
 {
-    type Output = Result<T, T::Error>;
+    type Output = Result<(), T::Error>;
 
     fn poll(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
         let this = self.project();
-        ready!(this
-            .inner
-            .as_mut()
-            .expect("called `poll` after future completed")
-            .poll_ready(cx))?;
+        ready!(this.inner.poll_ready(cx))?;
 
-        Poll::Ready(Ok(this.inner.take().unwrap()))
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
     }
 }
 
-impl<T, Request> fmt::Debug for Ready<T, Request>
+impl<'a, T, Request> fmt::Debug for Ready<'a, T, Request>
 where
     T: fmt::Debug,
 {
diff --git a/tower/src/util.rs b/tower/src/util.rs
index 237188f..8eea103 100644
--- a/tower/src/util.rs
+++ b/tower/src/util.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ type Error = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
 /// adapters
 pub trait ServiceExt<Request>: Service<Request> {
     /// A future yielding the service when it is ready to accept a request.
-    fn ready(self) -> Ready<Self, Request>
+    fn ready(&mut self) -> Ready<'_, Self, Request>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
diff --git a/tower/tests/builder.rs b/tower/tests/builder.rs
index 5cbae48..cbb76e8 100644
--- a/tower/tests/builder.rs
+++ b/tower/tests/builder.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ async fn builder_service() {
     pin_mut!(handle);
 
     let policy = MockPolicy;
-    let client = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    let mut client = ServiceBuilder::new()
         .layer(BufferLayer::new(5))
         .layer(ConcurrencyLimitLayer::new(5))
         .layer(RateLimitLayer::new(5, Duration::from_secs(1)))
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ async fn builder_service() {
     // allow a request through
     handle.allow(1);
 
-    let mut client = client.ready().await.unwrap();
+    client.ready().await.unwrap();
     let fut = client.call("hello");
     let (request, rsp) = poll_fn(|cx| handle.as_mut().poll_request(cx))
         .await