Of particular note is that this change lets spans trace requests through `tower::Buffer` by internally carrying the `Span` at the time of `call` along with the request to the worker.
In 03ec4aa, the balancer was changed to make a quick endpoint decision.
This, however, means that the balancer can return NotReady when it does
in fact have a ready endpoint.
This changes the balancer to separate unready endpoints, only
performing p2c over ready endpoints. Unready endpoints are tracked with
a FuturesUnordered that supports eviction via oneshots.
The main downside of this change is that the Balancer must become
generic over the Request type.
As described in #286, `Balance` had a few problems:
- it is responsible for driving all inner services to readiness, making
its `poll_ready` O(n) and not O(1);
- the `choose` abstraction was a hinderance. If a round-robin balancer
is needed it can be implemented separately without much duplicate
code; and
- endpoint errors were considered fatal to the balancer.
This changes replaces `Balance` with `p2c::Balance` and removes the
`choose` module.
Endpoint service failures now cause the service to be removed from the
balancer gracefully.
Endpoint selection is now effectively constant time, though it biases
for availability in the case when random selection does not yield an
available endpoint.
`tower-test` had to be updated so that a mocked service could fail after
advertising readiness.
The tower-balance crate includes the `Load` and `Instrument` traits,
which are likely useful outside of balancers; and certainly have no
tight coupling with any specific balancer implementation. This change
extracts these protocol-agnostic traits into a dedicated crate.
The `Load` trait includes a latency-aware _PeakEWMA_ load strategy as
well as a simple _PendingRequests_ strategy for latency-agnostic
applications.
The `Instrument` trait is used by both of these strategies to track
in-flight requests without knowing protocol details. It is expected that
protocol-specific crates will provide, for instance, HTTP
time-to-first-byte latency strategies.
A default `NoInstrument` implementation tracks the a request until its
response future is satisfied.
This crate should only be published once tower-balance is published.
Part of https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/issues/286
* balance: Configure weights from keys, not services
The initial weighted balancing implementation required that the
underlying service implement `HasWeight`.
Practically, this doesn't work that well, since this may force
middlewares to implement this trait as well.
To fix this, we change the type bounds so that _keys_, not services,
must implement `HasWeight`.
This has a drawback, though, in that Weight, which contains a float,
cannot implement `Hash` or `Eq`, which is required by the balancer. This
tradeoff seems manageable, though (and is already addressed in linkerd,
for instance). We should follow-up with a change to alter the internal
representation of Weight to alleviate this.
* Consolidate `limit` layers
- `InFlightLimit` and `RateLimit` are moved into `tower-limit` crate.
- `InFlightLimit` is renamed to `ConcurrencyLimit`.
Fixes#225
In order to implement red-line testing, blue-green deployments, and
other operational use cases, many service discovery and routing schemes
support endpoint weighting.
In this iteration, we provide a decorator type, `WeightedLoad`, that may
be used to wrap load-bearing services to alter their load according to a
weight. The `WithWeighted` type may also be used to wrap `Discover`
implementations, in which case it will wrap all new services with
`WeightedLoad`.
In the past, any errors thrown by a `Service` wrapped in a
`tower_buffer::Buffer` were silently swallowed, and the handles were
simply informed that the connection to the `Service` was closed.
This patch captures errors from a wrapped `Service`, and communicates
that error to all pending and future requests. It does so by wrapping up
the error in an `Arc`, which is sent to all pending `oneshot` request
channels, and is stored in a shared location so that future requests
will see the error when their send to the `Worker` fail.
Note that this patch also removes the `open` field from `State`, as it
is no longer necessary following #120, since bounded channels have a
`try_ready` method we can rely on instead.
Note that this change is not entirely backwards compatible -- the error
type for a `Service` that is wrapped in `Buffer` must now be `Send +
Sync` so that it can safely be communicated back to callers.
Furthermore, `tower_buffer::Error::Closed` now contains the error that
the failed `Service` produced, which may trip up old code.
When a PeakEwma Balancer discovers a single new endpoint, it will not
dispatch requests to the new endpoint until the RTT estimate for an
existing endpoint exceeds _one second_. This misconfiguration leads to
unexpected behavior.
When more than one endpoint is discovered, the balancer may eventually
dispatch traffic to some of--but not all of--the new enpoints.
This change alters the PeakEwma balancer in two ways:
First, the previous DEFAULT_RTT_ESTIMATE of 1s has been changed to be
configurable (and required). The library should not hard code a default
here.
Second, the initial RTT value is now decayed over time so that new
endpoints will eventually be considered, even when other endpoints are
less loaded than the default RTT estimate.
This change moves `Buffer` from `mpsc::unbounded` to `mpsc::channel`. The primary motivation for this change is that bounded channels provide back-pressure to callers, so that `Balance<Buffer>` for example works as expected. Currently, `Buffer` will accept as many requests as you can make for it without ever stopping down, slowly eating up all your memory.
This patch adds the `DirectService` trait, and related implementations
over it in `tower_balance` and `tower_buffer`. `DirectService` is
similar to a `Service`, but must be "driven" through calls to
`poll_service` for the futures returned by `call` to make progress.
The motivation behind adding this trait is that many current `Service`
implementations spawn long-running futures when the service is created,
which then drive the work necessary to turn requests into responses. A
simple example of this is a service that writes requests over a
`TcpStream` and reads responses over that same `TcpStream`. The
underlying stream must be read from to discover new responses, but there
is no single entity to drive that task. The returned futures would share
access to the stream (and worse yet, may get responses out of order),
and then service itself is not guaranteed to see any more calls to it as
the client is waiting for its requests to finish.
`DirectService` solves this by introducing a new method, `poll_service`,
which must be called to make progress on in-progress futures.
Furthermore, like `Future::poll`, `poll_service` must be called whenever
the associated task is notified so that the service can also respect
time-based operations like heartbeats.
The PR includes changes to both `tower_balance::Balance` and
`tower_buffer::Buffer` to add support for wrapping `DirectService`s. For
`Balance` this is straightforward: if the inner service is a `Service`,
the `Balance` also implements `Service`; if the inner service is a
`DirectService`, the `Balance` is itself also a `DirectService`. For
`Buffer`, this is more involved, as a `Buffer` turns any `DirectService`
*into* a `Service`. The `Buffer`'s `Worker` is spawned, and will
therefore drive the wrapped `DirectService`.
One complication arises in that `Buffer<T>` requires that `T: Service`,
but you can safely construct a `Buffer` over a `DirectService` per the
above. `Buffer` works around this by exposing
```rust
impl Service for HandleTo<S> where S: DirectService {}
```
And giving out `Buffer<HandleTo<S>>` when the `new_directed(s: S)`
constructor is invoked. Since `Buffer` never calls any methods on the
service it wraps, `HandleTo`'s implementation just consists of calls to
`unreachable!()`.
Note that `tower_buffer` now also includes a `DirectedService` type,
which is a wrapper around a `Service` that implements `DirectService`.
In theory, we could do away with this by adding a blanket impl:
```rust
impl<T> DirectedService for T where T: Service {}
```
but until we have specialization, this would prevent downstream users
from implementing `DirectService` themselves.
Finally, this also makes `Buffer` use a bounded mpsc channel, which
introduces a new capacity argument to `Buffer::new`.
Fixes#110.
This changes the Service request type to a generic instead of an associated
type. This is more appropriate as requests are inputs to the service.
This change enables a single implementation of `Service` to accept many
kinds of request types. This also enables requests to be references.
Fixes#99
The balancer provides an implementation of two load balancing strategies: RoundRobin and
P2C+LeastLoaded. The round-robin strategy is extremely simplistic and not sufficient for
most production systems. P2C+LL is a substantial improvement, but relies exclusively on
instantaneous information.
This change introduces P2C+PeakEWMA strategy. P2C+PE improves over P2C+LL by maintaining
an exponentially-weighted moving average of response latencies for each endpoint so that
the recent history directly factors into load balancing decisions. This technique was
pioneered by Finagle for use at Twitter. [Finagle's P2C+PE implementation][finagle] was
referenced heavily while developing this.
The provided demo can be used to illustrate the differences between load balacing
strategies. For example:
```
REQUESTS=50000
CONCURRENCY=50
ENDPOINT_CAPACITY=50
MAX_ENDPOINT_LATENCIES=[1ms, 10ms, 10ms, 10ms, 10ms, 100ms, 100ms, 100ms, 100ms, 1000ms, ]
P2C+PeakEWMA
wall 15s
p50 5ms
p90 56ms
p95 78ms
p99 96ms
p999 105ms
P2C+LeastLoaded
wall 18s
p50 5ms
p90 57ms
p95 80ms
p99 98ms
p999 857ms
RoundRobin
wall 72s
p50 9ms
p90 98ms
p95 496ms
p99 906ms
p999 988ms
````
[numbers]: https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html
[finagle]: 9cc08d1521/finagle-core/src/main/scala/com/twitter/finagle/loadbalancer/PeakEwma.scala
Previously, `power_of_two_choices` and `round_robin` constructors were
exposed from the crate scope.
These have been replaced by `Balance::p2c`, `Balance::p2c_from_rng`, and
`Balance::round_robin`.
In preparation for additional load balancing strategies, the demo is
being updated to allow for richer testing in several important ways:
- Adopt the new `tokio` multithreaded runtime.
- Use `tower-buffer` to drive each simulated endpoint on an independent
task. This fixes a bug where requests appeared active longer than
intended (while waiting for the SendRequests task process responses).
- A top-level concurrency has been added (by wrapping the balancer in
`tower-in-flight-limit`) so that `REQUESTS` futures were not created
immediately. This also caused incorrect load measurements.
- Endpoints are also constrained with `tower-in-flight-limit`. By
default, the limit is that of the load balancer (so endpoints are
effectively unlimited).
- The `demo.rs` script has been reorganized to account for the new
runtime, such that all examples are one task chain.
- New output format:
```
REQUESTS=50000
CONCURRENCY=50
ENDPOINT_CAPACITY=50
MAX_ENDPOINT_LATENCIES=[1ms, 10ms, 10ms, 10ms, 10ms, 100ms, 100ms, 100ms, 100ms, 1000ms, ]
P2C+LeastLoaded
wall 18s
p50 5ms
p90 56ms
p95 80ms
p99 98ms
p999 900ms
RoundRobin
wall 72s
p50 9ms
p90 98ms
p95 488ms
p99 898ms
p999 989ms
```
`PowerOfTwoChoices` requires a Random Number Generator. In order for
this randomization source to be configurable (i.e. for tests),
`PowerOfTwoChoices` is generic over its implementation of `rand::Rng`;
however, this leads to needless boilerplate when building P2C balancers.
Because load balancers do not need a cryptographically strong RNG, we
can use `rand::SmallRng` (which is `Send + Sync`). `PowerOfTwoChoices`
exposes constructors that take a `SmallRng`.
In order to do this, the `tower-balance` crate now requires `rand = "0.5"`.
versions don't have to build both those versions and the older ones
that h2 is currently using.
Don't enable the regex support in env_logger. Applications that want
the regex support can enable it themselves; this will happen
automatically when they add their env_logger dependency.
Disable the env_logger dependency in quickcheck.
The result of this is that there are fewer dependencies. For example,
regex and its dependencies are no longer required at all, as can be
seen by observing the changes to the Cargo.lock. That said,
env_logger 0.5 does add more dependencies itself; however it seems
applications are going to use env_logger 0.5 anyway so this is still
a net gain.
Submitted on behalf of Buoyant, Inc.
Signed-off-by: Brian Smith <brian@briansmith.org>
The new _demo_ example sends a million simulated requests through each
load balancer configuration and records the observed latency
distributions.
Furthermore, this fixes a critical bug in `Balancer`, where we did not
properly iterate through not-ready nodes.
* Use (0..n-1).rev() to iterate from right-to-left
László Nagy
Lucio Franco
Taiki Endo
Jon Gjengset
Oliver Gould
Sean McArthur
David Barsky
Carl Lerche
Brian Smith