306 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
306 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
<!-- Copyright © 2018–2019 Trevor Spiteri -->
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<!-- Copying and distribution of this file, with or without
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modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the
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copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered
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as-is, without any warranty. -->
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# Fixed-point numbers
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The [*fixed* crate] provides fixed-point numbers.
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* [`FixedI8`] and [`FixedU8`] are eight-bit fixed-point numbers.
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* [`FixedI16`] and [`FixedU16`] are 16-bit fixed-point numbers.
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* [`FixedI32`] and [`FixedU32`] are 32-bit fixed-point numbers.
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* [`FixedI64`] and [`FixedU64`] are 64-bit fixed-point numbers.
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* [`FixedI128`] and [`FixedU128`] are 128-bit fixed-point numbers.
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These types can have `Frac` fractional bits, where
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0 ≤ `Frac` ≤ <i>n</i> and <i>n</i> is the total number of bits. When
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`Frac` = 0, the fixed-point number behaves like an <i>n</i>-bit
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integer. When `Frac` = <i>n</i>, the value <i>x</i> lies in the range
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−0.5 ≤ <i>x</i> < 0.5 for signed numbers, and in the range
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0 ≤ <i>x</i> < 1 for unsigned numbers.
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Currently the [*typenum* crate] is used for the fractional bit count
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`Frac`; it is planned to move to [const generics] when they are
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supported by the Rust compiler.
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The main features are
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* Representation of fixed-point numbers up to 128 bits wide.
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* Conversions between fixed-point numbers and numeric primitives.
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* Comparisons between fixed-point numbers and numeric primitives.
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* Parsing from strings in decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal.
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* Display as decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal.
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* Arithmetic and logic operations.
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This crate does *not* provide general analytic functions.
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* No algebraic functions are provided, for example no `sqrt` or
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`pow`.
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* No trigonometric functions are provided, for example no `sin` or
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`cos`.
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* No other transcendental functions are provided, for example no
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`log` or `exp`.
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The conversions supported cover the following cases.
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* Infallible lossless conversions between fixed-point numbers and
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numeric primitives are provided using [`From`] and [`Into`]. These
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never fail (infallible) and do not lose any bits (lossless).
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* Infallible lossy conversions between fixed-point numbers and
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numeric primitives are provided using the [`LossyFrom`] and
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[`LossyInto`] traits. The source can have more fractional bits
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than the destination.
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* Checked conversions between fixed-point numbers and numeric
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primitives are provided using the [`FromFixed`] and [`ToFixed`]
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traits, or using the [`from_num`] and [`to_num`] methods and
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[their checked versions][`checked_from_num`].
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* Fixed-point numbers can be parsed from decimal strings using
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[`FromStr`], and from binary, octal and hexadecimal strings using
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the [`from_str_binary`], [`from_str_octal`] and [`from_str_hex`]
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methods. The result is rounded to the nearest, with ties rounded
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to even.
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* Fixed-point numbers can be converted to strings using [`Display`],
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[`Binary`], [`Octal`], [`LowerHex`] and [`UpperHex`]. The output
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is rounded to the nearest, with ties rounded to even.
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## What’s new
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### Version 0.4.5 news (unreleased)
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* Bug fix: display of many decimal numbers was panicking in debug
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mode or including a leading zero in release mode.
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* Many methods were added to [`Wrapping`] for convenience, even if
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they do not involve wrapping.
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[`Wrapping`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.Wrapping.html
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### Version 0.4.4 news (2019-08-24)
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* Bug fix: rounding could produce bad output for [`Binary`],
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[`Octal`], [`LowerHex`] and [`UpperHex`].
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* The following methods are now `const` functions:
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[`is_power_of_two`], [`abs`], [`wrapping_abs`],
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[`overflowing_abs`]
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* The method [`round_to_zero`] was added.
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* The method [`round_ties_to_even`] and its checked versions were
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added.
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[`abs`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.abs
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[`is_power_of_two`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU32.html#method.is_power_of_two
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[`overflowing_abs`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_abs
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[`round_ties_to_even`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.round_ties_to_even
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[`round_to_zero`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.round_to_zero
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[`wrapping_abs`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_abs
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### Version 0.4.3 news (2019-08-20)
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* The [*fixed* crate] now requires rustc version 1.34.0 or later.
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* The precision argument is no longer ignored when formatting
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fixed-point numbers; precision should now be handled the same as
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for primitive floating-point numbers in the standard library.
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* Parsing strings now rounds to the nearest with ties rounded to
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even.
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* Checked versions of string parsing methods are now available as
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inherent methods to all fixed-point numbers, and as methods in the
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[`Fixed`] trait.
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* [`Wrapping`] now has methods for parsing with wrapping, including
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an implementation of [`FromStr`].
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* The following methods are now `const` functions:
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* [`min_value`], [`max_value`], [`from_bits`], [`to_bits`]
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* [`count_ones`], [`count_zeros`], [`leading_zeros`],
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[`trailing_zeros`] [`rotate_left`], [`rotate_right`]
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* [`wrapping_neg`], [`wrapping_add`], [`wrapping_sub`],
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[`wrapping_mul_int`], [`wrapping_shl`], [`wrapping_shr`]
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* [`overflowing_neg`], [`overflowing_add`], [`overflowing_sub`],
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[`overflowing_mul_int`], [`overflowing_shl`],
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[`overflowing_shr`]
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* [`is_positive`], [`is_negative`]
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* The associated constants [`INT_NBITS`] and [`FRAC_NBITS`] were added.
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* The reexports in the `frac` module and the `LeEqU*` traits were
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moved into the new [`types::extra`] module.
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[`FRAC_NBITS`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#associatedconstant.FRAC_NBITS
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[`Fixed`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/traits/trait.Fixed.html
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[`INT_NBITS`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#associatedconstant.INT_NBITS
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[`Wrapping`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.Wrapping.html
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[`count_ones`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.count_ones
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[`count_zeros`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.count_zeros
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[`from_bits`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.from_bits
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[`is_negative`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.is_negative
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[`is_positive`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.is_positive
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[`leading_zeros`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.leading_zeros
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[`max_value`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.max_value
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[`min_value`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.min_value
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[`overflowing_add`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_add
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[`overflowing_mul_int`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_mul_int
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[`overflowing_neg`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_neg
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[`overflowing_shl`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_shl
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[`overflowing_shr`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_shr
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[`overflowing_sub`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.overflowing_sub
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[`rotate_left`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.rotate_left
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[`rotate_right`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.rotate_right
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[`to_bits`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.to_bits
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[`trailing_zeros`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.trailing_zeros
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[`types::extra`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/extra/index.html
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[`wrapping_add`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_add
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[`wrapping_mul_int`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_mul_int
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[`wrapping_neg`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_neg
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[`wrapping_shl`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_shl
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[`wrapping_shr`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_shr
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[`wrapping_sub`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.wrapping_sub
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### Other releases
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Details on other releases can be found in [*RELEASES.md*].
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[*RELEASES.md*]: https://gitlab.com/tspiteri/fixed/blob/master/RELEASES.md
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## Quick examples
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```rust
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use fixed::types::I20F12;
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// 19/3 = 6 1/3
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let six_and_third = I20F12::from_num(19) / 3;
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// four decimal digits for 12 binary digits
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assert_eq!(six_and_third.to_string(), "6.3333");
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// find the ceil and convert to i32
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assert_eq!(six_and_third.ceil().to_num::<i32>(), 7);
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// we can also compare directly to integers
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assert_eq!(six_and_third.ceil(), 7);
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```
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The type [`I20F12`] is a 32-bit fixed-point signed number with 20
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integer bits and 12 fractional bits. It is an alias to
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<code>[FixedI32][`FixedI32`]<[U12][`U12`]></code>. The unsigned
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counterpart would be [`U20F12`]. Aliases are provided for all
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combinations of integer and fractional bits adding up to a total of
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eight, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bits.
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```rust
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use fixed::types::{I4F4, I4F12};
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// −8 ≤ I4F4 < 8 with steps of 1/16 (~0.06)
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let a = I4F4::from_num(1);
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// multiplication and division by integers are possible
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let ans1 = a / 5 * 17;
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// 1 / 5 × 17 = 3 2/5 (3.4), but we get 3 3/16 (~3.2)
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assert_eq!(ans1, I4F4::from_bits((3 << 4) + 3));
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assert_eq!(ans1.to_string(), "3.2");
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// −8 ≤ I4F12 < 8 with steps of 1/4096 (~0.0002)
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let wider_a = I4F12::from(a);
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let wider_ans = wider_a / 5 * 17;
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let ans2 = I4F4::from_num(wider_ans);
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// now the answer is the much closer 3 6/16 (~3.4)
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assert_eq!(ans2, I4F4::from_bits((3 << 4) + 6));
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assert_eq!(ans2.to_string(), "3.4");
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```
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The second example shows some precision and conversion issues. The low
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precision of `a` means that `a / 5` is 3⁄16 instead of 1⁄5, leading to
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an inaccurate result `ans1` = 3 3⁄16 (~3.2). With a higher precision,
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we get `wider_a / 5` equal to 819⁄4096, leading to a more accurate
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intermediate result `wider_ans` = 3 1635⁄4096. When we convert back to
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four fractional bits, we get `ans2` = 3 6⁄16 (~3.4).
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Note that we can convert from [`I4F4`] to [`I4F12`] using [`From`], as
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the target type has the same number of integer bits and a larger
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number of fractional bits. Converting from [`I4F12`] to [`I4F4`]
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cannot use [`From`] as we have less fractional bits, so we use
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[`from_num`] instead.
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## Using the *fixed* crate
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The *fixed* crate is available on [crates.io][*fixed* crate]. To use
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it in your crate, add it as a dependency inside [*Cargo.toml*]:
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```toml
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[dependencies]
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fixed = "0.4.4"
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```
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The *fixed* crate requires rustc version 1.34.0 or later.
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## Optional features
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The *fixed* crate has two optional feature:
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1. `f16`, disabled by default. This provides conversion to/from
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[`f16`]. This features requires the [*half* crate].
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2. `serde`, disabled by default. This provides serialization support
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for the fixed-point types. This feature requires the
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[*serde* crate].
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To enable features, you can add the dependency like this to
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[*Cargo.toml*]:
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```toml
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[dependencies.fixed]
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version = "0.4.4"
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features = ["f16", "serde"]
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```
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## License
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This crate is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of either
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* the [Apache License, Version 2.0][LICENSE-APACHE] or
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* the [MIT License][LICENSE-MIT]
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at your option.
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### Contribution
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Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
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submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache
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License, Version 2.0, shall be dual licensed as above, without any
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additional terms or conditions.
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[*Cargo.toml*]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/guide/dependencies.html
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[*fixed* crate]: https://crates.io/crates/fixed
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[*half* crate]: https://crates.io/crates/half
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[*serde* crate]: https://crates.io/crates/serde
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[*typenum* crate]: https://crates.io/crates/typenum
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[LICENSE-APACHE]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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[LICENSE-MIT]: https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
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[`Binary`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Binary.html
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[`Display`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Display.html
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[`FixedI128`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI128.html
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[`FixedI16`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI16.html
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[`FixedI32`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html
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[`FixedI64`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI64.html
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[`FixedI8`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI8.html
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[`FixedU128`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU128.html
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[`FixedU16`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU16.html
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[`FixedU32`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU32.html
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[`FixedU64`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU64.html
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[`FixedU8`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedU8.html
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[`FromFixed`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/traits/trait.FromFixed.html
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[`FromStr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
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[`From`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.From.html
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[`I20F12`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/type.I20F12.html
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[`I4F12`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/type.I4F12.html
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[`I4F4`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/type.I4F4.html
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[`Into`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/convert/trait.Into.html
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[`LossyFrom`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/traits/trait.LossyFrom.html
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[`LossyInto`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/traits/trait.LossyInto.html
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[`LowerHex`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.LowerHex.html
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[`Octal`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.Octal.html
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[`ToFixed`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/traits/trait.ToFixed.html
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[`U12`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/extra/type.U12.html
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[`U20F12`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/types/type.U20F12.html
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[`UpperHex`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/fmt/trait.UpperHex.html
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[`checked_from_num`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.checked_from_num
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[`f16`]: https://docs.rs/half/^1/half/struct.f16.html
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[`from_num`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.from_num
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[`from_str_binary`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.from_str_binary
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[`from_str_hex`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.from_str_hex
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[`from_str_octal`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.from_str_octal
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[`to_num`]: https://docs.rs/fixed/0.4.4/fixed/struct.FixedI32.html#method.to_num
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[const generics]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44580
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