2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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::
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ZIP: 225
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Title: Version 5 Transaction Format
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Owners: Daira Hopwood <daira@electriccoin.co>
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Jack Grigg <jack@electriccoin.co>
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Sean Bowe <sean@electriccoin.co>
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Kris Nuttycombe <kris@electriccoin.co>
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Ying Tong Lai <yingtong@electriccoin.co>
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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Status: Proposed
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2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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Category: Consensus
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2021-03-03 08:23:50 -08:00
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Created: 2021-02-28
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2021-03-03 08:34:12 -08:00
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License: MIT
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2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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Discussions-To: <https://github.com/zcash/zips/issues/440>
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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Terminology
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===========
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2021-02-15 13:03:28 -08:00
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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The key words "MUST" and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
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RFC 2119. [#RFC2119]_
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2021-03-26 10:17:23 -07:00
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The character § is used when referring to sections of the Zcash Protocol Specification
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2021-10-01 16:44:09 -07:00
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[#protocol]_.
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2021-03-26 10:17:23 -07:00
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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Abstract
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========
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This proposal defines an update to the Zcash peer-to-peer transaction format to include
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2021-10-01 16:44:09 -07:00
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support for data elements required to support the Orchard protocol [#protocol]_.
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The new transaction format defines well-bounded regions of the serialized form to serve
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each of the existing pools of funds, and adds and describes a new region containing
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Orchard-specific elements.
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2021-03-01 09:55:11 -08:00
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This ZIP also depends upon and defines modifications to the computation of the values
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**TxId Digest**, **Signature Digest**, and **Authorizing Data Commitment** defined by ZIP
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244 [#zip-0244]_.
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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Motivation
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==========
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2021-03-01 14:21:39 -08:00
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The new Orchard shielded pool requires serialized data elements that are distinct from
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any previous Zcash transaction. In addition, with the activation of ZIP 244, the
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serialized transaction format will no longer be consensus-critical. It makes sense at this
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point to define a format that can readily accommodate future extension in a systematic
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fashion, where elements required for support for a given pool are kept separate.
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Requirements
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============
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The new format must fully support the Orchard protocol.
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The new format should lend itself to future extension or pruning to add or remove
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value pools.
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The computation of the non-malleable transaction identifier hash must include all
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newly incorporated elements except those that attest to transaction validity.
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The computation of the commitment to authorizing data for a transaction must include
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all newly incorporated elements that attest to transaction validity.
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Non-requirements
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================
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More general forms of extensibility, such as definining a key/value format that
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allows for parsers that are unaware of some components, are not required.
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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Specification
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=============
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2021-06-05 07:49:13 -07:00
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All fields in this specification are encoded as little-endian.
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2021-03-31 16:58:37 -07:00
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The Zcash transaction format for transaction version 5 is as follows:
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Transaction Format
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------------------
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+========================================+=====================================================================+
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| **Common Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``header`` |``uint32`` |Contains: |
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| | | | * ``fOverwintered`` flag (bit 31, always set) |
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| | | | * ``version`` (bits 30 .. 0) – transaction version. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``nVersionGroupId`` |``uint32`` |Version group ID (nonzero). |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``nConsensusBranchId`` |``uint32`` |Consensus branch ID (nonzero). |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``lock_time`` |``uint32`` |Unix-epoch UTC time or block height, encoded as in Bitcoin. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``4`` |``nExpiryHeight`` |``uint32`` |A block height in the range {1 .. 499999999} after which |
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| | | |the transaction will expire, or 0 to disable expiry. |
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| | | |[ZIP-203] |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Transparent Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_in_count`` |``compactSize`` |Number of transparent inputs in ``tx_in``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_in`` |``tx_in`` |Transparent inputs, encoded as in Bitcoin. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_out_count`` |``compactSize`` |Number of transparent outputs in ``tx_out``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``tx_out`` |``tx_out`` |Transparent outputs, encoded as in Bitcoin. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Sapling Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nSpendsSapling`` |``compactSize`` |Number of Sapling Spend descriptions in ``vSpendsSapling``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``96 * nSpendsSapling`` |``vSpendsSapling`` |``SpendDescriptionV5[nSpendsSapling]`` |A sequence of Sapling Spend descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |protocol §7.3 ‘Spend Description Encoding and Consensus’. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nOutputsSapling`` |``compactSize`` |Number of Sapling Output Decriptions in ``vOutputsSapling``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``756 * nOutputsSapling`` |``vOutputsSapling`` |``OutputDescriptionV5[nOutputsSapling]``|A sequence of Sapling Output descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |protocol §7.4 ‘Output Description Encoding and Consensus’. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``8`` |``valueBalanceSapling`` |``int64`` |The net value of Sapling Spends minus Outputs |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``anchorSapling`` |``byte[32]`` |A root of the Sapling note commitment tree |
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| | | |at some block height in the past. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``192 * nSpendsSapling`` |``vSpendProofsSapling`` |``byte[192 * nSpendsSapling]`` |Encodings of the zk-SNARK proofs for each Sapling Spend. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64 * nSpendsSapling`` |``vSpendAuthSigsSapling`` |``byte[64 * nSpendsSapling]`` |Authorizing signatures for each Sapling Spend. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``192 * nOutputsSapling`` |``vOutputProofsSapling`` |``byte[192 * nOutputsSapling]`` |Encodings of the zk-SNARK proofs for each Sapling Output. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64`` |``bindingSigSapling`` |``byte[64]`` |A Sapling binding signature on the SIGHASH transaction hash. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Orchard Transaction Fields** |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``nActionsOrchard`` |``compactSize`` |The number of Orchard Action descriptions in |
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| | | |``vActionsOrchard``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``820 * nActionsOrchard`` |``vActionsOrchard`` |``OrchardAction[nActionsOrchard]`` |A sequence of Orchard Action descriptions, encoded per |
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| | | |§7.5 ‘Action Description Encoding and Consensus’. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``1`` |``flagsOrchard`` |``byte`` |An 8-bit value representing a set of flags. Ordered from LSB to MSB: |
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| | | | * ``enableSpendsOrchard`` |
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| | | | * ``enableOutputsOrchard`` |
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| | | | * The remaining bits are set to ``0``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``8`` |``valueBalanceOrchard`` |``int64`` |The net value of Orchard spends minus outputs. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``anchorOrchard`` |``byte[32]`` |A root of the Orchard note commitment tree at some block |
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| | | |height in the past. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``varies`` |``sizeProofsOrchard`` |``compactSize`` |Length in bytes of ``proofsOrchard``. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``sizeProofsOrchard`` |``proofsOrchard`` |``byte[sizeProofsOrchard]`` |Encoding of aggregated zk-SNARK proofs for Orchard Actions. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64 * nActionsOrchard`` |``vSpendAuthSigsOrchard`` |``byte[64 * nActionsOrchard]`` |Authorizing signatures for each Orchard Action. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``64`` |``bindingSigOrchard`` |``byte[64]`` |An Orchard binding signature on the SIGHASH transaction hash. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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* The fields ``valueBalanceSapling`` and ``bindingSigSapling`` are present if and only if
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:math:`\mathtt{nSpendsSapling} + \mathtt{nOutputsSapling} > 0`. If ``valueBalanceSapling``
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is not present, then :math:`\mathsf{v^{balanceSapling}}`` is defined to be 0.
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* The field ``anchorSapling`` is present if and only if :math:`\mathtt{nSpendsSapling} > 0`.
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* The fields ``flagsOrchard``, ``valueBalanceOrchard``, ``anchorOrchard``,
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``sizeProofsOrchard``, ``proofsOrchard``, and ``bindingSigOrchard`` are present if and
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only if :math:`\mathtt{nActionsOrchard} > 0`. If ``valueBalanceOrchard`` is not present,
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then :math:`\mathsf{v^{balanceOrchard}}` is defined to be 0.
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* The elements of ``vSpendProofsSapling`` and ``vSpendAuthSigsSapling`` have a 1:1
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correspondence to the elements of ``vSpendsSapling`` and MUST be ordered such that the
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proof or signature at a given index corresponds to the ``SpendDescriptionV5`` at the
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same index.
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* The elements of ``vOutputProofsSapling`` have a 1:1 correspondence to the elements of
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``vOutputsSapling`` and MUST be ordered such that the proof at a given index corresponds
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to the ``OutputDescriptionV5`` at the same index.
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* The proofs aggregated in ``proofsOrchard``, and the elements of
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``vSpendAuthSigsOrchard``, each have a 1:1 correspondence to the elements of
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``vActionsOrchard`` and MUST be ordered such that the proof or signature at a given
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index corresponds to the ``OrchardAction`` at the same index.
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* For coinbase transactions, the ``enableSpendsOrchard`` bit MUST be set to ``0``.
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2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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The encodings of ``tx_in``, and ``tx_out`` are as in a version 4 transaction (i.e.
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unchanged from Canopy). The encodings of ``SpendDescriptionV5``, ``OutputDescriptionV5``
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and ``OrchardAction`` are described below. The encoding of Sapling Spends and Outputs has
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changed relative to prior versions in order to better separate data that describe the
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effects of the transaction from the proofs of and commitments to those effects, and for
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symmetry with this separation in the Orchard-related parts of the transaction format.
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Sapling Spend Description (``SpendDescriptionV5``)
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--------------------------------------------------
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+======================================+============================================================+
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|``32`` |``cv`` |``byte[32]`` |A value commitment to the net value of the input note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``nullifier`` |``byte[32]`` |The nullifier of the input note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``rk`` |``byte[32]`` |The randomized validating key for the element of |
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| | | |spendAuthSigsSapling corresponding to this Spend. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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The encodings of each of these elements are defined in §7.3 ‘Spend Description Encoding
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and Consensus’ of the Zcash Protocol Specification [#protocol-spenddesc]_.
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Sapling Output Description (``OutputDescriptionV5``)
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----------------------------------------------------
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+======================================+============================================================+
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|``32`` |``cv`` |``byte[32]`` |A value commitment to the net value of the output note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``cmu`` |``byte[32]`` |The u-coordinate of the note commitment for the output note.|
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``ephemeralKey`` |``byte[32]`` |An encoding of an ephemeral Jubjub public key. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``580`` |``encCiphertext`` |``byte[580]`` |The encrypted contents of the note plaintext. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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2021-03-26 10:08:22 -07:00
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|``80`` |``outCiphertext`` |``byte[80]`` |The encrypted contents of the byte string created by |
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2021-03-01 09:55:11 -08:00
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| | | |concatenation of the transmission key with the ephemeral |
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| | | |secret key. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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The encodings of each of these elements are defined in §7.4 ‘Output Description Encoding
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and Consensus’ of the Zcash Protocol Specification [#protocol-outputdesc]_.
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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2021-03-01 14:30:35 -08:00
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Orchard Action Description (``OrchardAction``)
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----------------------------------------------
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| Bytes | Name | Data Type | Description |
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+=============================+==========================+======================================+============================================================+
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|``32`` |``cv`` |``byte[32]`` |A value commitment to the net value of the input note minus |
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| | | |the output note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``nullifier`` |``byte[32]`` |The nullifier of the input note. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``rk`` |``byte[32]`` |The randomized validating key for the element of |
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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| | | |spendAuthSigsOrchard corresponding to this Action. |
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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|``32`` |``cmx`` |``byte[32]`` |The x-coordinate of the note commitment for the output note.|
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``32`` |``ephemeralKey`` |``byte[32]`` |An encoding of an ephemeral Pallas public key |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``580`` |``encCiphertext`` |``byte[580]`` |The encrypted contents of the note plaintext. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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2021-03-26 10:08:22 -07:00
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|``80`` |``outCiphertext`` |``byte[80]`` |The encrypted contents of the byte string created by |
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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| | | |concatenation of the transmission key with the ephemeral |
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| | | |secret key. |
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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The encodings of each of these elements are defined in §7.5 ‘Action Description Encoding
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and Consensus’ of the Zcash Protocol Specification [#protocol-actiondesc]_.
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2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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2021-10-01 16:44:09 -07:00
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2021-03-02 16:58:12 -08:00
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Alternatives
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============
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2021-03-31 16:58:37 -07:00
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The original version of ZIP-225 included Sprout-related fields ``nJoinSplit``,
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2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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``vJoinSplit``, ``joinSplitPubKey``, and ``joinSplitSig`` in the V5
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transaction format. The Electric Coin Company and Zcash Foundation teams have
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2021-03-31 16:58:37 -07:00
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elected to remove these fields from the V5 transaction format as part of the
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2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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continuing process of deprecation of the Sprout shielded pool. As a consequence
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2021-03-17 11:15:11 -07:00
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of these fields being removed:
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2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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* This effectively prohibits migration transactions that would directly move funds from
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the Sprout pool to the Orchard pool. Sprout -> Transparent and Sprout -> Sapling
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2021-03-31 16:58:37 -07:00
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migration transactions will still be supported when using the V4 transaction format.
|
2021-03-02 16:58:12 -08:00
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2021-03-17 11:15:11 -07:00
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Removing these fields reduces the complexity of the NU5 upgrade in the following ways:
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2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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* V5 parsing and serialization code does not need to take these fields into account.
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2021-03-17 11:15:11 -07:00
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* ZIP 244 [#zip-0244]_ transaction identifier, signature hash, and authorizing
|
2021-03-31 16:58:37 -07:00
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data commitment computations are simplified by excluding consideration of
|
2021-03-02 16:58:12 -08:00
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these fields.
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2021-03-17 10:54:51 -07:00
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Removal of these fields means that that in the future, removing the support for the V4
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transaction format will also effectively end support for Sprout transactions on the Zcash
|
2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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network, though it might be possible to restore limited support for migration via a future
|
2021-03-17 10:54:07 -07:00
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ZIP 222 [#zip-0222]_ extension or by other means not yet determined.
|
2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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|
2021-03-17 11:15:11 -07:00
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The original definitions for the transaction fields that have been removed are:
|
2021-03-17 10:28:13 -07:00
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+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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| **Sprout Transaction Fields** |
|
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|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
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|
|``varies`` |``nJoinSplit`` |``compactSize`` |The number of JoinSplit descriptions in ``vJoinSplit``. |
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|
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|``1698 * nJoinSplit`` |``vJoinSplit`` |``JSDescriptionGroth16[nJoinSplit]`` |A sequence of JoinSplit descrptions using Groth16 proofs, |
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|
| | | |encoded per §7.2 ‘JoinSplit Description Encoding and Consensus’. |
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|
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
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|
|``32`` |``joinSplitPubKey`` |``byte[32]`` |An encoding of a JoinSplitSig public validating key. |
|
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|
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
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|
|``64`` |``joinSplitSig`` |``byte[64]`` |A signature on a prefix of the transaction encoding, |
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|
|
| | | |to be verfied using joinSplitPubKey as specified in §4.11 |
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|
|
| | | |‘Non-malleability (Sprout)’. |
|
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|
|
+-----------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
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|
* The ``joinSplitPubKey`` and ``joinSplitSig`` fields were specified to be
|
2021-03-30 14:54:40 -07:00
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|
present if and only if :math:`\mathtt{nJoinSplit} > 0`.
|
2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
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|
2021-10-01 16:44:09 -07:00
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|
2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
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|
Reference implementation
|
|
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|
|
========================
|
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|
|
|
2021-10-01 16:44:42 -07:00
|
|
|
|
* https://github.com/zcash/zcash/pull/5202 (in `zcashd`)
|
|
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|
|
* https://github.com/zcash/librustzcash/pull/375 (in `librustzcash`)
|
2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
|
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|
2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
|
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|
2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
|
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|
References
|
|
|
|
|
==========
|
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|
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|
|
.. [#RFC2119] `RFC 2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119.html>`_
|
2021-10-01 16:44:09 -07:00
|
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|
.. [#protocol] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2021.2.16 or later [NU5 proposal] <protocol/protocol.pdf>`_
|
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|
|
.. [#protocol-spenddesc] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2021.2.16 [NU5 proposal]. Section 4.4: Spend Descriptions <protocol/protocol.pdf#spenddesc>`_
|
|
|
|
|
.. [#protocol-outputdesc] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2021.2.16 [NU5 proposal]. Section 4.5: Output Descriptions <protocol/protocol.pdf#outputdesc>`_
|
|
|
|
|
.. [#protocol-actiondesc] `Zcash Protocol Specification, Version 2021.2.16 [NU5 proposal]. Section 4.6: Action Descriptions <protocol/protocol.pdf#actiondesc>`_
|
2021-03-17 10:54:07 -07:00
|
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|
.. [#zip-0222] `ZIP 222: Transparent Zcash Extensions <zip-0222.rst>`_
|
2021-03-02 12:18:41 -08:00
|
|
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|
.. [#zip-0244] `ZIP 244: Transaction Identifier Non-Malleability <zip-0244.rst>`_
|
2021-02-28 11:12:45 -08:00
|
|
|
|
.. [#zip-0307] `ZIP 307: Light Client Protocol for Payment Detection <zip-0307.rst>`_
|