Partway done with typing out Orchard chain types

2021-03-07 05:15:38 -05:00 · 2021-03-07 05:15:38 -05:00 · 40383b2741
parent a63c2e8c40
commit 40383b2741
28 changed files with 3883 additions and 13 deletions
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@ -1417,6 +1417,21 @@ version = "1.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "62aca2aba2d62b4a7f5b33f3712cb1b0692779a56fb510499d5c0aa594daeaf3"

+[[package]]
+name = "halo2"
+version = "0.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/zcash/halo2.git?branch=main#dda60a363001373d564156ad0334e2022d85a5b4"
+dependencies = [
+ "blake2b_simd",
+ "crossbeam-utils 0.8.0",
+ "ff",
+ "funty",
+ "group",
+ "num_cpus",
+ "pasta_curves",
+ "rand 0.8.1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.9.1"
@ -2221,6 +2236,21 @@ dependencies = [
 "winapi 0.3.9",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "pasta_curves"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/zcash/pasta_curves.git?rev=b55a6960dfafd7f767e2820ddf1adaa499322f98#b55a6960dfafd7f767e2820ddf1adaa499322f98"
+dependencies = [
+ "blake2b_simd",
+ "ff",
+ "funty",
+ "group",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "rand 0.8.1",
+ "static_assertions",
+ "subtle",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "peeking_take_while"
 version = "0.1.2"
@ -4304,7 +4334,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "displaydoc",
 "ed25519-zebra",
 "equihash",
+ "funty",
 "futures 0.3.14",
+ "halo2",
 "hex",
 "itertools 0.10.0",
 "jubjub",
--- a/zebra-chain/Cargo.toml
+++ b/zebra-chain/Cargo.toml
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ chrono = { version = "0.4", features = ["serde"] }
 displaydoc = "0.2.1"
 equihash = "0.1"
 futures = "0.3"
+halo2 = { git = "https://github.com/zcash/halo2.git", branch = "main" }
 hex = "0.4"
 jubjub = "0.6.0"
 lazy_static = "1.4.0"
@ -48,6 +49,9 @@ redjubjub = "0.4"

 zebra-test = { path = "../zebra-test/", optional = true }

+# Temporary workaround for https://github.com/myrrlyn/funty/issues/3
+funty = "=1.1.0"
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 bincode = "1"

--- a/zebra-chain/src/lib.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/lib.rs
@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 //! Core Zcash data structures. 🦓
 //!
-//! This crate provides definitions of core datastructures for Zcash, such as
+//! This crate provides definitions of core data structures for Zcash, such as
 //! blocks, transactions, addresses, etc.

 #![doc(html_favicon_url = "https://www.zfnd.org/images/zebra-favicon-128.png")]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://www.zfnd.org/images/zebra-icon.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://doc.zebra.zfnd.org/zebra_chain")]
-// #![deny(missing_docs)]
 #![allow(clippy::try_err)]
+// Use the old lint name to build without warnings on stable until 1.51 is stable
+#![allow(clippy::unknown_clippy_lints)]
+// The actual lints we want to disable
+#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
 // Disable some broken or unwanted clippy nightly lints
 // Build without warnings on nightly 2021-01-17 and later and stable 1.51 and later
 #![allow(unknown_lints)]
 // Disable old lint warnings on nightly until 1.51 is stable
 #![allow(renamed_and_removed_lints)]
-// Use the old lint name to build without warnings on stable until 1.51 is stable
-#![allow(clippy::unknown_clippy_lints)]
-// The actual lints we want to disable
-#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]

 #[macro_use]
 extern crate serde;
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ extern crate serde;
 pub mod amount;
 pub mod block;
 pub mod fmt;
+pub mod orchard;
 pub mod parameters;
 pub mod primitives;
 pub mod sapling;
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard.rs
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! Orchard-related functionality.
+
+mod action;
+mod address;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"))]
+mod arbitrary;
+mod commitment;
+mod note;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+pub mod keys;
+pub mod tree;
+
+pub use action::Action;
+pub use address::Address;
+pub use commitment::{CommitmentRandomness, NoteCommitment, ValueCommitment};
+pub use keys::Diversifier;
+pub use note::{EncryptedNote, Note, Nullifier, WrappedNoteKey};
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/action.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/action.rs
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use std::io;
+
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
+
+use crate::{
+    primitives::redpallas::{self, SpendAuth},
+    serialization::{
+        ReadZcashExt, SerializationError, WriteZcashExt, ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize,
+    },
+};
+
+use super::{
+    commitment::{self, ValueCommitment},
+    keys,
+    note::{self, Nullifier},
+};
+
+/// An Action description, as described in the [Zcash specification §7.3][actiondesc].
+///
+/// Action transfers can optionally perform a spend, and optionally perform an
+/// output.  Action descriptions are data included in a transaction that
+/// describe Action transfers.
+///
+/// [actiondesc]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#actiondesc
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Action {
+    /// A value commitment to net value of the input note minus the output note
+    pub cv: commitment::ValueCommitment,
+    /// The nullifier of the input note being spent.
+    pub nullifer: note::Nullifier,
+    /// The randomized validating key for spendAuthSig,
+    pub rk: redpallas::VerificationKey<SpendAuth>,
+    /// The 𝑥-coordinate of the note commitment for the output note.
+    pub cm_x: pallas::Base,
+    /// An encoding of an ephemeral Pallas public key.
+    pub ephemeral_key: keys::EphemeralPublicKey,
+    /// A ciphertext component for the encrypted output note.
+    pub enc_ciphertext: note::EncryptedNote,
+    /// A ciphertext component for the encrypted output note.
+    pub out_ciphertext: note::WrappedNoteKey,
+}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for Action {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        self.cv.zcash_serialize(&mut writer)?;
+        writer.write_32_bytes(self.nullifier.into())?;
+        writer.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self.rk)[..])?;
+        writer.write_all(self.cm_x.to_bytes())?;
+        self.ephemeral_key.zcash_serialize(&mut writer)?;
+        self.enc_ciphertext.zcash_serialize(&mut writer)?;
+        self.out_ciphertext.zcash_serialize(&mut writer)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for Action {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        Ok(Action {
+            cv: ValueCommitment::zcash_deserialize(&mut reader)?,
+            nullifier: Nullifier::from(reader.read_32_bytes()?),
+            rk: reader.read_32_bytes()?.into(),
+            cm_x: pallas::Base::zcash_deserialize(&mut reader)?,
+            ephemeral_key: keys::EphemeralPublicKey::zcash_deserialize(&mut reader)?,
+            enc_ciphertext: note::EncryptedNote::zcash_deserialize(&mut reader)?,
+            out_ciphertext: note::WrappedNoteKey::zcash_deserialize(&mut reader)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/address.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/address.rs
@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+//! Orchard shielded payment addresses.
+
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    io::{self, Read, Write},
+};
+
+use bech32::{self, FromBase32, ToBase32, Variant};
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::{
+    parameters::Network,
+    serialization::{ReadZcashExt, SerializationError},
+};
+
+use super::keys;
+
+/// Human-Readable Parts for input to bech32 encoding.
+mod human_readable_parts {
+    pub const MAINNET: &str = "zo";
+    pub const TESTNET: &str = "ztestorchard";
+}
+
+/// A Orchard _shielded payment address_.
+///
+/// Also known as a _diversified payment address_ for Orchard, as
+/// defined in [§5.6.4.1 of the Zcash Specification][orchardpaymentaddrencoding].
+///
+/// [orchardpaymentaddrencoding]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#orchardpaymentaddrencoding
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Address {
+    network: Network,
+    diversifier: keys::Diversifier,
+    transmission_key: keys::TransmissionKey,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Address {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("OrchardAddress")
+            .field("network", &self.network)
+            .field("diversifier", &self.diversifier)
+            .field("transmission_key", &self.transmission_key)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Address {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut bytes = io::Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+
+        let _ = bytes.write_all(&<[u8; 11]>::from(self.diversifier));
+        let _ = bytes.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self.transmission_key));
+
+        let hrp = match self.network {
+            Network::Mainnet => human_readable_parts::MAINNET,
+            _ => human_readable_parts::TESTNET,
+        };
+
+        bech32::encode_to_fmt(f, hrp, bytes.get_ref().to_base32(), Variant::Bech32).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for Address {
+    type Err = SerializationError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match bech32::decode(s) {
+            Ok((hrp, bytes, Variant::Bech32)) => {
+                let mut decoded_bytes = io::Cursor::new(Vec::<u8>::from_base32(&bytes).unwrap());
+
+                let mut diversifier_bytes = [0; 11];
+                decoded_bytes.read_exact(&mut diversifier_bytes)?;
+
+                let transmission_key_bytes = decoded_bytes.read_32_bytes()?;
+
+                Ok(Address {
+                    network: match hrp.as_str() {
+                        human_readable_parts::MAINNET => Network::Mainnet,
+                        _ => Network::Testnet,
+                    },
+                    diversifier: keys::Diversifier::from(diversifier_bytes),
+                    transmission_key: keys::TransmissionKey::from(transmission_key_bytes),
+                })
+            }
+            _ => Err(SerializationError::Parse("bech32 decoding error")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl Arbitrary for Address {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (
+            any::<Network>(),
+            any::<keys::Diversifier>(),
+            any::<keys::TransmissionKey>(),
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(network, diversifier, transmission_key)| Self {
+                network,
+                diversifier,
+                transmission_key,
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use rand_core::OsRng;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // #[test]
+    // fn from_str_display() {
+    //     zebra_test::init();
+
+    //     let zo_addr: Address =
+    //         "zs1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j8nfaxd"
+    //             .parse()
+    //             .unwrap();
+
+    //     assert_eq!(
+    //         format!("{}", zo_addr),
+    //         "zs1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j8nfaxd"
+    //     );
+    // }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn derive_keys_and_addresses() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let spending_key = keys::SpendingKey::new(&mut OsRng);
+
+        let spend_authorizing_key = keys::SpendAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+        let proof_authorizing_key = keys::ProofAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+
+        let authorizing_key = keys::AuthorizingKey::from(spend_authorizing_key);
+        let nullifier_deriving_key = keys::NullifierDerivingKey::from(proof_authorizing_key);
+        let incoming_viewing_key =
+            keys::IncomingViewingKey::from((authorizing_key, nullifier_deriving_key));
+
+        let diversifier = keys::Diversifier::new(&mut OsRng);
+        let transmission_key = keys::TransmissionKey::from((incoming_viewing_key, diversifier));
+
+        let _orchard_shielded_address = Address {
+            network: Network::Mainnet,
+            diversifier,
+            transmission_key,
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+proptest! {
+
+    #[test]
+    fn orchard_address_roundtrip(zaddr in any::<Address>()) {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let string = zaddr.to_string();
+
+        let zaddr2 = string.parse::<Address>()
+            .expect("randomized orchard z-addr should deserialize");
+
+        prop_assert_eq![zaddr, zaddr2];
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/arbitrary.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/arbitrary.rs
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use jubjub::AffinePoint;
+use proptest::{arbitrary::any, array, collection::vec, prelude::*};
+
+use crate::primitives::Groth16Proof;
+
+use super::{keys, note, tree, NoteCommitment, Output, Spend, ValueCommitment};
+
+impl Arbitrary for Spend {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (
+            any::<tree::Root>(),
+            any::<note::Nullifier>(),
+            array::uniform32(any::<u8>()),
+            any::<Groth16Proof>(),
+            vec(any::<u8>(), 64),
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(anchor, nullifier, rpk_bytes, proof, sig_bytes)| Self {
+                anchor,
+                cv: ValueCommitment(AffinePoint::identity()),
+                nullifier,
+                rk: redjubjub::VerificationKeyBytes::from(rpk_bytes),
+                zkproof: proof,
+                spend_auth_sig: redjubjub::Signature::from({
+                    let mut b = [0u8; 64];
+                    b.copy_from_slice(sig_bytes.as_slice());
+                    b
+                }),
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
+
+impl Arbitrary for Output {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (
+            any::<note::EncryptedNote>(),
+            any::<note::WrappedNoteKey>(),
+            any::<Groth16Proof>(),
+        )
+            .prop_map(|(enc_ciphertext, out_ciphertext, zkproof)| Self {
+                cv: ValueCommitment(AffinePoint::identity()),
+                cm_u: NoteCommitment(AffinePoint::identity()).extract_u(),
+                ephemeral_key: keys::EphemeralPublicKey(AffinePoint::identity()),
+                enc_ciphertext,
+                out_ciphertext,
+                zkproof,
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment.rs
@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+//! Note and value commitments.
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_vectors;
+
+pub mod pedersen_hashes;
+
+use std::{convert::TryFrom, fmt, io};
+
+use bitvec::prelude::*;
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
+use rand_core::{CryptoRng, RngCore};
+
+use crate::{
+    amount::{Amount, NonNegative},
+    serialization::{
+        serde_helpers, ReadZcashExt, SerializationError, ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize,
+    },
+};
+
+use super::keys::{find_group_hash, Diversifier, TransmissionKey};
+
+use pedersen_hashes::*;
+
+/// The randomness used in the Simsemilla Hash for note commitment.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CommitmentRandomness(pallas::Scalar);
+
+/// Note commitments for the output notes.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Deserialize, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct NoteCommitment(#[serde(with = "serde_helpers::Affine")] pub pallas::Affine);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for NoteCommitment {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("NoteCommitment")
+            .field("u", &hex::encode(self.0.get_u().to_bytes()))
+            .field("v", &hex::encode(self.0.get_v().to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for NoteCommitment {}
+
+impl From<jubjub::ExtendedPoint> for NoteCommitment {
+    fn from(extended_point: jubjub::ExtendedPoint) -> Self {
+        Self(pallas::Affine::from(extended_point))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NoteCommitment> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(cm: NoteCommitment) -> [u8; 32] {
+        cm.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[u8; 32]> for NoteCommitment {
+    type Error = &'static str;
+
+    fn try_from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let possible_point = pallas::Affine::from_bytes(bytes);
+
+        if possible_point.is_some().into() {
+            Ok(Self(possible_point.unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            Err("Invalid pallas::Affine value")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NoteCommitment {
+    /// Generate a new _NoteCommitment_ and the randomness used to create it.
+    ///
+    /// We return the randomness because it is needed to construct a _Note_,
+    /// before it is encrypted as part of an _Output Description_. This is a
+    /// higher level function that calls `NoteCommit^Orchard_rcm` internally.
+    ///
+    /// NoteCommit^Orchard_rcm (g*_d , pk*_d , v) :=
+    ///   WindowedPedersenCommit_rcm([1; 6] || I2LEBSP_64(v) || g*_d || pk*_d)
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretewindowedcommit
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub fn new<T>(
+        csprng: &mut T,
+        diversifier: Diversifier,
+        transmission_key: TransmissionKey,
+        value: Amount<NonNegative>,
+    ) -> Option<(CommitmentRandomness, Self)>
+    where
+        T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+    {
+        // s as in the argument name for WindowedPedersenCommit_r(s)
+        let mut s: BitVec<Lsb0, u8> = BitVec::new();
+
+        // Prefix
+        s.append(&mut bitvec![1; 6]);
+
+        // Jubjub repr_J canonical byte encoding
+        // https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#jubjub
+        //
+        // The `TryFrom<Diversifier>` impls for the `jubjub::*Point`s handles
+        // calling `DiversifyHash` implicitly.
+        let g_d_bytes: [u8; 32];
+        if let Ok(g_d) = pallas::Affine::try_from(diversifier) {
+            g_d_bytes = g_d.to_bytes();
+        } else {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let pk_d_bytes = <[u8; 32]>::from(transmission_key);
+        let v_bytes = value.to_bytes();
+
+        s.append(&mut BitVec::<Lsb0, u8>::from_slice(&g_d_bytes[..]));
+        s.append(&mut BitVec::<Lsb0, u8>::from_slice(&pk_d_bytes[..]));
+        s.append(&mut BitVec::<Lsb0, u8>::from_slice(&v_bytes[..]));
+
+        let rcm = CommitmentRandomness(generate_trapdoor(csprng));
+
+        Some((
+            rcm,
+            NoteCommitment::from(windowed_pedersen_commitment(rcm.0, &s)),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Hash Extractor for Pallas (?)
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#concreteextractorpallas
+    pub fn extract_x(&self) -> pallas::Base {
+        self.0.get_u()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Homomorphic Pedersen commitment to the value of a note, used in Spend and
+/// Output Descriptions.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretehomomorphiccommit
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Deserialize, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct ValueCommitment(#[serde(with = "serde_helpers::AffinePoint")] pub pallas::Affine);
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::Add<&'a ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: &'a ValueCommitment) -> Self::Output {
+        self + *rhs
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Add<ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: ValueCommitment) -> Self::Output {
+        let value = self.0.to_extended() + rhs.0.to_extended();
+        ValueCommitment(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::AddAssign<ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: ValueCommitment) {
+        *self = *self + rhs
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ValueCommitment {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ValueCommitment")
+            .field("u", &hex::encode(self.0.get_u().to_bytes()))
+            .field("v", &hex::encode(self.0.get_v().to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<jubjub::ExtendedPoint> for ValueCommitment {
+    fn from(extended_point: jubjub::ExtendedPoint) -> Self {
+        Self(pallas::Affine::from(extended_point))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for ValueCommitment {}
+
+/// LEBS2OSP256(repr_J(cv))
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#spendencoding
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#jubjub
+impl From<ValueCommitment> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(cm: ValueCommitment) -> [u8; 32] {
+        cm.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> std::ops::Sub<&'a ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn sub(self, rhs: &'a ValueCommitment) -> Self::Output {
+        self - *rhs
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Sub<ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn sub(self, rhs: ValueCommitment) -> Self::Output {
+        ValueCommitment((self.0.to_extended() - rhs.0.to_extended()).into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::SubAssign<ValueCommitment> for ValueCommitment {
+    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: ValueCommitment) {
+        *self = *self - rhs;
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::iter::Sum for ValueCommitment {
+    fn sum<I>(iter: I) -> Self
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = Self>,
+    {
+        iter.fold(
+            ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::identity()),
+            std::ops::Add::add,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// LEBS2OSP256(repr_J(cv))
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#spendencoding
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#jubjub
+impl TryFrom<[u8; 32]> for ValueCommitment {
+    type Error = &'static str;
+
+    fn try_from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let possible_point = pallas::Affine::from_bytes(bytes);
+
+        if possible_point.is_some().into() {
+            Ok(Self(possible_point.unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            Err("Invalid pallas::Affine value")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for ValueCommitment {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        writer.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(*self)[..])?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for ValueCommitment {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        Self::try_from(reader.read_32_bytes()?).map_err(|e| SerializationError::Parse(e))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueCommitment {
+    /// Generate a new _ValueCommitment_.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretehomomorphiccommit
+    pub fn randomized<T>(csprng: &mut T, value: Amount) -> Self
+    where
+        T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+    {
+        let rcv = generate_trapdoor(csprng);
+
+        Self::new(rcv, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a new _ValueCommitment_ from an existing _rcv_ on a _value_.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretehomomorphiccommit
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub fn new(rcv: jubjub::Fr, value: Amount) -> Self {
+        let v = jubjub::Fr::from(value);
+
+        // TODO: These generator points can be generated once somewhere else to
+        // avoid having to recompute them on every new commitment.
+        let V = find_group_hash(*b"z.cash:Orchard-cv", b"v");
+        let R = find_group_hash(*b"z.cash:Orchard-cv", b"r");
+
+        Self::from(V * v + R * rcv)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use std::ops::Neg;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pedersen_hash_to_point_test_vectors() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        const D: [u8; 8] = *b"Zcash_PH";
+
+        for test_vector in test_vectors::TEST_VECTORS.iter() {
+            let result =
+                pallas::Affine::from(pedersen_hash_to_point(D, &test_vector.input_bits.clone()));
+
+            assert_eq!(result, test_vector.output_point);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let identity = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::identity());
+
+        let g = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::from_raw_unchecked(
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0xe4b3_d35d_f1a7_adfe,
+                0xcaf5_5d1b_29bf_81af,
+                0x8b0f_03dd_d60a_8187,
+                0x62ed_cbb8_bf37_87c8,
+            ]),
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0x0000_0000_0000_000b,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+            ]),
+        ));
+
+        assert_eq!(identity + g, g);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn add_assign() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let mut identity = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::identity());
+
+        let g = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::from_raw_unchecked(
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0xe4b3_d35d_f1a7_adfe,
+                0xcaf5_5d1b_29bf_81af,
+                0x8b0f_03dd_d60a_8187,
+                0x62ed_cbb8_bf37_87c8,
+            ]),
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0x0000_0000_0000_000b,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+            ]),
+        ));
+
+        identity += g;
+        let new_g = identity;
+
+        assert_eq!(new_g, g);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sub() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let g_point = pallas::Affine::from_raw_unchecked(
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0xe4b3_d35d_f1a7_adfe,
+                0xcaf5_5d1b_29bf_81af,
+                0x8b0f_03dd_d60a_8187,
+                0x62ed_cbb8_bf37_87c8,
+            ]),
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0x0000_0000_0000_000b,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+            ]),
+        );
+
+        let identity = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::identity());
+
+        let g = ValueCommitment(g_point);
+
+        assert_eq!(identity - g, ValueCommitment(g_point.neg()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sub_assign() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let g_point = pallas::Affine::from_raw_unchecked(
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0xe4b3_d35d_f1a7_adfe,
+                0xcaf5_5d1b_29bf_81af,
+                0x8b0f_03dd_d60a_8187,
+                0x62ed_cbb8_bf37_87c8,
+            ]),
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0x0000_0000_0000_000b,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+            ]),
+        );
+
+        let mut identity = ValueCommitment(pallas::Affine::identity());
+
+        let g = ValueCommitment(g_point);
+
+        identity -= g;
+        let new_g = identity;
+
+        assert_eq!(new_g, ValueCommitment(g_point.neg()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sum() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let g_point = pallas::Affine::from_raw_unchecked(
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0xe4b3_d35d_f1a7_adfe,
+                0xcaf5_5d1b_29bf_81af,
+                0x8b0f_03dd_d60a_8187,
+                0x62ed_cbb8_bf37_87c8,
+            ]),
+            jubjub::Fq::from_raw([
+                0x0000_0000_0000_000b,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+                0x0000_0000_0000_0000,
+            ]),
+        );
+
+        let g = ValueCommitment(g_point);
+        let other_g = ValueCommitment(g_point);
+
+        let sum: ValueCommitment = vec![g, other_g].into_iter().sum();
+
+        let doubled_g = ValueCommitment(g_point.to_extended().double().into());
+
+        assert_eq!(sum, doubled_g);
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/pedersen_hashes.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/pedersen_hashes.rs
@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+//! Pedersen hash functions and helpers.
+
+use bitvec::prelude::*;
+use rand_core::{CryptoRng, RngCore};
+
+use super::super::keys::find_group_hash;
+
+/// I_i
+///
+/// Expects i to be 1-indexed from the loop it's called in.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretepedersenhash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+fn I_i(domain: [u8; 8], i: u32) -> jubjub::ExtendedPoint {
+    find_group_hash(domain, &(i - 1).to_le_bytes())
+}
+
+/// The encoding function ⟨Mᵢ⟩
+///
+/// Σ j={0,k-1}: (1 - 2x₂)⋅(1 + x₀ + 2x₁)⋅2^(4⋅j)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretepedersenhash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+fn M_i(segment: &BitSlice<Lsb0, u8>) -> jubjub::Fr {
+    let mut m_i = jubjub::Fr::zero();
+
+    for (j, chunk) in segment.chunks(3).enumerate() {
+        // Pad each chunk with zeros.
+        let mut store = 0u8;
+        let bits = store.bits_mut::<Lsb0>();
+        chunk
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .for_each(|(i, bit)| bits.set(i, *bit));
+
+        let mut tmp = jubjub::Fr::one();
+
+        if bits[0] {
+            tmp += &jubjub::Fr::one();
+        }
+
+        if bits[1] {
+            tmp += &jubjub::Fr::one().double();
+        }
+
+        if bits[2] {
+            tmp -= tmp.double();
+        }
+
+        if j > 0 {
+            // Inclusive range!
+            tmp *= (1..=(4 * j)).fold(jubjub::Fr::one(), |acc, _| acc.double());
+        }
+
+        m_i += tmp;
+    }
+
+    m_i
+}
+
+/// "...an algebraic hash function with collision resistance (for fixed input
+/// length) derived from assumed hardness of the Discrete Logarithm Problem on
+/// the Jubjub curve."
+///
+/// PedersenHash is used in the definitions of Pedersen commitments (§
+/// 5.4.7.2 ‘Windowed Pedersen commitments’), and of the Pedersen hash for the
+/// Sapling incremental Merkle tree (§ 5.4.1.3 ‘MerkleCRH^Sapling Hash
+/// Function’).
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretepedersenhash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+pub fn pedersen_hash_to_point(domain: [u8; 8], M: &BitVec<Lsb0, u8>) -> jubjub::ExtendedPoint {
+    let mut result = jubjub::ExtendedPoint::identity();
+
+    // Split M into n segments of 3 * c bits, where c = 63, padding the last
+    // segment with zeros.
+    //
+    // This loop is 1-indexed per the math definitions in the spec.
+    //
+    // https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretepedersenhash
+    for (i, segment) in M
+        .chunks(189)
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, segment)| (i + 1, segment))
+    {
+        result += I_i(domain, i as u32) * M_i(&segment);
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+/// Pedersen Hash Function
+///
+/// This is technically returning 255 (l_MerkleSapling) bits, not 256.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretepedersenhash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+pub fn pedersen_hash(domain: [u8; 8], M: &BitVec<Lsb0, u8>) -> jubjub::Fq {
+    jubjub::AffinePoint::from(pedersen_hash_to_point(domain, M)).get_u()
+}
+
+/// Mixing Pedersen Hash Function
+///
+/// Used to compute ρ from a note commitment and its position in the note
+/// commitment tree.  It takes as input a Pedersen commitment P, and hashes it
+/// with another input x.
+///
+/// MixingPedersenHash(P, x) := P + [x]FindGroupHash^J^(r)(“Zcash_J_”, “”)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretemixinghash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+pub fn mixing_pedersen_hash(P: jubjub::ExtendedPoint, x: jubjub::Fr) -> jubjub::ExtendedPoint {
+    const J: [u8; 8] = *b"Zcash_J_";
+
+    P + find_group_hash(J, b"") * x
+}
+
+/// Construct a 'windowed' Pedersen commitment by reusing a Pederson hash
+/// construction, and adding a randomized point on the Jubjub curve.
+///
+/// WindowedPedersenCommit_r (s) := \
+///   PedersenHashToPoint(“Zcash_PH”, s) + [r]FindGroupHash^J^(r)(“Zcash_PH”, “r”)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretewindowedcommit
+pub fn windowed_pedersen_commitment(r: jubjub::Fr, s: &BitVec<Lsb0, u8>) -> jubjub::ExtendedPoint {
+    const D: [u8; 8] = *b"Zcash_PH";
+
+    pedersen_hash_to_point(D, &s) + find_group_hash(D, b"r") * r
+}
+
+/// Generates a random scalar from the scalar field 𝔽_{r_𝕁}.
+///
+/// The prime order subgroup 𝕁^(r) is the order-r_𝕁 subgroup of 𝕁 that consists
+/// of the points whose order divides r. This function is useful when generating
+/// the uniform distribution on 𝔽_{r_𝕁} needed for Sapling commitment schemes'
+/// trapdoor generators.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#jubjub
+pub fn generate_trapdoor<T>(csprng: &mut T) -> jubjub::Fr
+where
+    T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+{
+    let mut bytes = [0u8; 64];
+    csprng.fill_bytes(&mut bytes);
+    // Fr::from_bytes_wide() reduces the input modulo r via Fr::from_u512()
+    jubjub::Fr::from_bytes_wide(&bytes)
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/sinsemilla_hashes.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/sinsemilla_hashes.rs
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Sinsemilla hash functions and helpers.
+
+use bitvec::prelude::*;
+use rand_core::{CryptoRng, RngCore};
+
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
+
+/// [Hash Extractor for Pallas][concreteextractorpallas]
+///
+/// P → B^[l^Orchard_Merkle]
+///
+/// [concreteextractorpallas]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#concreteextractorpallas
+// TODO: should this return the basefield element type, or the bytes?
+pub fn extract_p(point: pallas::Point) -> pallas::Base {
+    match pallas::Affine::from(point).get_xy().into() {
+        // If Some, it's not the identity.
+        Some((x, _)) => x,
+        _ => pallas::Base::zero(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Q
+///
+/// Q(D) := GroupHash^P(︀“z.cash:SinsemillaQ”, D)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesinsemillahash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+fn Q(domain: [u8; 8]) -> pallas::Point {
+    pallas::Point::hash_to_curve("z.cash:SinsemillaQ")(&domain[..])
+}
+
+/// S
+///
+/// S(j) := GroupHash^P(︀“z.cash:SinsemillaS”, LEBS2OSP32(I2LEBSP32(j)))
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesinsemillahash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+fn S(j: [u8; 2]) -> pallas::Point {
+    pallas::Point::hash_to_curve("z.cash:SinsemillaS")(&j)
+}
+
+/// "...an algebraic hash function with collision resistance (for fixed input
+/// length) derived from assumed hardness of the Discrete Logarithm Problem on
+/// the Jubjub curve."
+///
+/// SinsemillaHash is used in the definitions of Sinsemilla commitments and of
+/// the Sinsemilla hash for the Sapling incremental Merkle tree (§ 5.4.1.3
+/// ‘MerkleCRH^Orchard Hash Function’).
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesinsemillahash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+pub fn sinsemilla_hash_to_point(domain: [u8; 8], M: &BitVec<Lsb0, u8>) -> pallas::Point {
+    const K: u8 = 10;
+    const C: u8 = 253;
+
+    assert!(M.len() <= K * C);
+
+    let mut acc = Q(domain);
+
+    // Split M into n segments of k bits, where k = 10 and c = 253, padding
+    // the last segment with zeros.
+    //
+    // https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesinsemillahash
+    for chunk in M.chunks(K) {
+        // Pad each chunk with zeros.
+        let mut store = 0u8;
+        let bits = store.bits_mut::<Lsb0>();
+        chunk
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .for_each(|(i, bit)| bits.set(i, *bit));
+
+        // An instance of LEBS2IP_k
+        let j = &bits.iter().fold(0u16, |j, &bit| j * *2 + bit as u16);
+
+        acc += (acc + S(j.to_le_bytes()));
+    }
+
+    acc
+}
+
+/// Sinsemilla Hash Function
+///
+/// "SinsemillaHash is an algebraic hash function with collision resistance (for
+/// fixed input length) derived from assumed hardness of the Discrete Logarithm
+/// Problem. It is designed by Sean Bowe and Daira Hopwood. The motivation for
+/// introducing a new discrete-log-based hash function (rather than using
+/// PedersenHash) is to make efcient use of the lookups available in recent
+/// proof systems including Halo 2."
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesinsemillahash
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+pub fn sinsemilla_hash(domain: [u8; 8], M: &BitVec<Lsb0, u8>) -> pallas::Base {
+    extract_p(sinsemilla_hash_to_point(domain, M))
+}
+
+/// Generates a random scalar from the scalar field 𝔽_{q_P}.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#pallasandvesta
+pub fn generate_trapdoor<T>(csprng: &mut T) -> pallas::Scalar
+where
+    T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+{
+    let mut bytes = [0u8; 64];
+    csprng.fill_bytes(&mut bytes);
+    // Scalar::from_bytes_wide() reduces the input modulo q under the hood.
+    pallas::Scalar::from_bytes_wide(&bytes)
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/test_vectors.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/commitment/test_vectors.rs
@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// Test vector data generated from
+// https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/zcash-test-vectors/blob/master/sapling_pedersen.py
+//
+// These vectors in particular correspond to the Personalization::NoteCommitment
+// enum variant from the original source.
+//
+// The Python hex-encoded outputs for these test vectors were output in
+// big-endian byte order, so to parse them, we reversed their order; in
+// librustzcash, they match their Display impl to match the Python hex strings
+// and that's what they compare in their unit tests, not the bytes.
+
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use bitvec::prelude::*;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+
+fn point_from_hex<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(point_in_hex: T) -> jubjub::AffinePoint {
+    let mut bytes = [0u8; 32];
+    let _ = hex::decode_to_slice(point_in_hex, &mut bytes);
+
+    jubjub::AffinePoint::from_bytes(bytes).unwrap()
+}
+
+pub struct TestVector {
+    pub input_bits: BitVec<Lsb0, u8>,
+    pub output_point: jubjub::AffinePoint,
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    pub static ref TEST_VECTORS: [TestVector; 12] = [
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
+            // original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            //     "06b1187c11ca4fb4383b2e0d0dbbde3ad3617338b5029187ec65a5eaed5e4d0b",
+            //     "3ce70f536652f0dea496393a1e55c4e08b9d55508e16d11e5db40d4810cbc982"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "82c9cb10480db45d1ed1168e50559d8be0c4551e3a3996a4def05266530fe7bc"
+            )
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "2fc3bc454c337f71d4f04f86304262fcbfc9ecd808716b92fc42cbe6827f7f1a",
+            // "46d0d25bf1a654eedc6a9b1e5af398925113959feac31b7a2c036ff9b9ec0638"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "3806ecb9f96f032c7a1bc3ea9f9513519298f35a1e9b6adcee54a6f15bd2d046"
+            )
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "4f8ce0e0a9e674b3ab9606a7d7aefba386e81583d81918127814cde41d209d97",
+            // "312b5ab93b14c9b9af334fe1fe3c50fffb53fbd074fa40ca600febde7c97e346"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "46e3977cdeeb0f60ca40fa74d0fb53fbff503cfee14f33afb9c9143bb95a2bb1"
+            )
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "4f8ce0e0a9e674b3ab9606a7d7aefba386e81583d81918127814cde41d209d97",
+            // "312b5ab93b14c9b9af334fe1fe3c50fffb53fbd074fa40ca600febde7c97e346"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "46e3977cdeeb0f60ca40fa74d0fb53fbff503cfee14f33afb9c9143bb95a2bb1"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "599ab788360ae8c6d5bb7618aec37056d6227408d857fdc394078a3d7afdfe0f",
+            // "4320c373da670e28d168f4ffd72b43208e8c815f40841682c57a3ee1d005a527"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "27a505d0e13e7ac5821684405f818c8e20432bd7fff468d1280e67da73c320c3"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "2da510317620f5dfdce1f31db6019f947eedcf02ff2972cff597a5c3ad21f5dd",
+            // "198789969c0c33e6c359b9da4a51771f4d50863f36beef90436944fe568399f2"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "f2998356fe44694390efbe363f86504d1f77514adab959c3e6330c9c96898799"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "601247c7e640992d193dfb51df6ed93446687a7f2bcd0e4a598e6feb1ef20c40",
+            // "371931733b73e7b95c2cad55a6cebd15c83619f697c64283e54e5ef61442a743"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "43a74214f65e4ee58342c697f61936c815bdcea655ad2c5cb9e7733b73311937"
+            )
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "314192ecb1f2d8806a8108704c875a25d9fb7e444f9f373919adedebe8f2ae27",
+            // "6b12b32f1372ad574799dee9eb591d961b704bf611f55fcc71f7e82cd3330b74"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "740b33d32ce8f771cc5ff511f64b701b961d59ebe9de994757ad72132fb312eb"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+                0,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "0666c2bce7f362a2b807d212e9a577f116891a932affd7addec39fbf372c494e",
+            // "6758bccfaf2e47c07756b96edea23aa8d10c33b38220bd1c411af612eeec18ab"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "ab18ecee12f61a411cbd2082b3330cd1a83aa2de6eb95677c0472eafcfbc5867"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "130afe02b99375484efb0998f5331d2178e1d00e803049bb0769099420624f5f",
+            // "5e2fc6970554ffe358652aa7968ac4fcf3de0c830e6ea492e01a38fafb68cd71"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "71cd68fbfa381ae092a46e0e830cdef3fcc48a96a72a6558e3ff540597c62fde"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+                1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1,
+                0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0,
+                1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+                0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "67914ebd539961b70f468fa23d4cb42133693a8ac57cd35a1e6369fe34fbedf7",
+            // "44770870c0f0cfe59a10df95d6c21e6f1514a2f464b66377599438c126052d9f"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "9f2d0526c13894597763b664f4a214156f1ec2d695df109ae5cff0c0700877c4"
+            ),
+        },
+        TestVector {
+            input_bits: bitvec![Lsb0, u8;
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+                1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+            ],
+            // Original librustzcash affine point test vector (in reversed-endian byte order):
+            // "329e3bb2ca31ea6e13a986730237f6fd16b842a510cbabe851bdbcf57d75ee0d",
+            // "471d2109656afcb96d0609b371b132b97efcf72c6051064dd19fdc004799bfa9"
+            output_point: point_from_hex(
+                "a9bf994700dc9fd14d0651602cf7fc7eb932b171b309066db9fc6a6509211dc7"
+            ),
+        },
+    ];
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys.rs
@ -0,0 +1,837 @@
+//! Orchard key types.
+//!
+//! [orchardkeycomponents]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#orchardkeycomponents
+#![allow(clippy::unit_arg)]
+
+// #[cfg(test)]
+// mod test_vectors;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+use std::{
+    convert::{From, Into, TryFrom},
+    fmt,
+    io::{self, Write},
+    str::FromStr,
+};
+
+use bech32::{self, FromBase32, ToBase32, Variant};
+use rand_core::{CryptoRng, RngCore};
+
+use crate::{
+    parameters::Network,
+    primitives::redpallas::{self, SpendAuth},
+    serialization::{
+        serde_helpers, ReadZcashExt, SerializationError, ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize,
+    },
+};
+
+/// Used to derive the outgoing cipher key _ock_ used to encrypt an Output ciphertext.
+///
+/// PRF^ovk(ock, cv, cm_x, ephemeralKey) := BLAKE2b-256(“Zcash_Orchardock”, ovk || cv || cm_x || ephemeralKey)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#concreteprfs
+fn prf_ovk(ovk: [u8; 32], cv: [u8; 32], cm_x: [u8; 32], ephemeral_key: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let hash = blake2b_simd::Params::new()
+        .hash_length(32)
+        .personal(b"Zcash_Orchardock")
+        .to_state()
+        .update(ovk)
+        .update(cv)
+        .update(cm_x)
+        .update(ephemeral_key)
+        .finalize();
+
+    *hash.as_array()
+}
+
+/// Invokes Blake2s-256 as _CRH^ivk_, to derive the IncomingViewingKey
+/// bytes from an AuthorizingKey and NullifierDerivingKey.
+///
+/// _CRH^ivk(ak, nk) := BLAKE2s-256("Zcashivk", ak || nk)_
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretecrhivk
+fn crh_ivk(ak: [u8; 32], nk: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let hash = blake2s_simd::Params::new()
+        .hash_length(32)
+        .personal(b"Zcashivk")
+        .to_state()
+        .update(&ak[..])
+        .update(&nk[..])
+        .finalize();
+
+    *hash.as_array()
+}
+
+/// Used to derive a diversified base point from a diversifier value.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretediversifyhash
+fn diversify_hash(d: [u8; 11]) -> Option<pallas::Point> {
+    jubjub_group_hash(*b"Zcash_gd", &d)
+}
+
+// TODO: replace with reference to redjubjub or jubjub when merged and
+// exported.
+type Scalar = jubjub::Fr;
+
+/// Magic human-readable strings used to identify what networks
+/// Sapling Spending Keys are associated with when encoded/decoded
+/// with bech32.
+mod sk_hrp {
+    pub const MAINNET: &str = "secret-spending-key-main";
+    pub const TESTNET: &str = "secret-spending-key-test";
+}
+
+/// A _Spending Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Our root secret key of the Sapling key derivation tree. All other
+/// Sapling key types derive from the SpendingKey value.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"),
+    derive(proptest_derive::Arbitrary)
+)]
+pub struct SpendingKey {
+    network: Network,
+    bytes: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+// TODO: impl a From that accepts a Network?
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for SpendingKey {
+    /// Generate a _SpendingKey_ from existing bytes.
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            network: Network::default(),
+            bytes,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for SpendingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let hrp = match self.network {
+            Network::Mainnet => sk_hrp::MAINNET,
+            _ => sk_hrp::TESTNET,
+        };
+
+        bech32::encode_to_fmt(f, hrp, &self.bytes.to_base32(), Variant::Bech32).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for SpendingKey {
+    type Err = SerializationError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match bech32::decode(s) {
+            Ok((hrp, bytes, Variant::Bech32)) => {
+                let decoded = Vec::<u8>::from_base32(&bytes).unwrap();
+
+                let mut decoded_bytes = [0u8; 32];
+                decoded_bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&decoded[0..32]);
+
+                Ok(SpendingKey {
+                    network: match hrp.as_str() {
+                        sk_hrp::MAINNET => Network::Mainnet,
+                        _ => Network::Testnet,
+                    },
+                    bytes: decoded_bytes,
+                })
+            }
+            _ => Err(SerializationError::Parse("bech32 decoding error")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SpendingKey {
+    /// Generate a new _SpendingKey_.
+    pub fn new<T>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+    {
+        let mut bytes = [0u8; 32];
+        csprng.fill_bytes(&mut bytes);
+
+        Self::from(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A _Spend Authorizing Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used to generate _spend authorization randomizers_ to sign each
+/// _Spend Description_, proving ownership of notes.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct SpendAuthorizingKey(pub Scalar);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for SpendAuthorizingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("SpendAuthorizingKey")
+            .field(&hex::encode(<[u8; 32]>::from(*self)))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendAuthorizingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(sk: SpendAuthorizingKey) -> Self {
+        sk.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendingKey> for SpendAuthorizingKey {
+    /// Invokes Blake2b-512 as _PRF^expand_, t=0, to derive a
+    /// SpendAuthorizingKey from a SpendingKey.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concreteprfs
+    fn from(spending_key: SpendingKey) -> SpendAuthorizingKey {
+        let hash_bytes = prf_expand(spending_key.bytes, &[0]);
+
+        Self(Scalar::from_bytes_wide(&hash_bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for SpendAuthorizingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(*self) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// A _Proof Authorizing Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used in the _Spend Statement_ to prove nullifier integrity.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ProofAuthorizingKey(pub Scalar);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ProofAuthorizingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("ProofAuthorizingKey")
+            .field(&hex::encode(<[u8; 32]>::from(*self)))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ProofAuthorizingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(nsk: ProofAuthorizingKey) -> Self {
+        nsk.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendingKey> for ProofAuthorizingKey {
+    /// For this invocation of Blake2b-512 as _PRF^expand_, t=1.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concreteprfs
+    fn from(spending_key: SpendingKey) -> ProofAuthorizingKey {
+        let hash_bytes = prf_expand(spending_key.bytes, &[1]);
+
+        Self(Scalar::from_bytes_wide(&hash_bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for ProofAuthorizingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(*self) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// An _Outgoing Viewing Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used to decrypt outgoing notes without spending them.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct OutgoingViewingKey(pub [u8; 32]);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for OutgoingViewingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("OutgoingViewingKey")
+            .field(&hex::encode(&self.0))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for OutgoingViewingKey {
+    /// Generate an _OutgoingViewingKey_ from existing bytes.
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<OutgoingViewingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(ovk: OutgoingViewingKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        ovk.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendingKey> for OutgoingViewingKey {
+    /// For this invocation of Blake2b-512 as _PRF^expand_, t=2.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concreteprfs
+    fn from(spending_key: SpendingKey) -> OutgoingViewingKey {
+        let hash_bytes = prf_expand(spending_key.bytes, &[2]);
+
+        let mut bytes = [0u8; 32];
+        bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&hash_bytes[0..32]);
+
+        Self(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for OutgoingViewingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        self.0 == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// An _Authorizing Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used to validate _Spend Authorization Signatures_, proving
+/// ownership of notes.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AuthorizingKey(pub redjubjub::VerificationKey<SpendAuth>);
+
+impl Eq for AuthorizingKey {}
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for AuthorizingKey {
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self(redjubjub::VerificationKey::try_from(bytes).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AuthorizingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(ak: AuthorizingKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        ak.0.into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendAuthorizingKey> for AuthorizingKey {
+    fn from(ask: SpendAuthorizingKey) -> Self {
+        let sk = redjubjub::SigningKey::<SpendAuth>::try_from(<[u8; 32]>::from(ask)).unwrap();
+        Self(redjubjub::VerificationKey::from(&sk))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for AuthorizingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(self.0) == <[u8; 32]>::from(other.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for AuthorizingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(self.0) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// A _Nullifier Deriving Key_, as described in [protocol
+/// specification §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used to create a _Nullifier_ per note.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct NullifierDerivingKey(pub jubjub::AffinePoint);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for NullifierDerivingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("NullifierDerivingKey")
+            .field("u", &hex::encode(self.0.get_u().to_bytes()))
+            .field("v", &hex::encode(self.0.get_v().to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for NullifierDerivingKey {
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self(jubjub::AffinePoint::from_bytes(bytes).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for NullifierDerivingKey {}
+
+impl From<NullifierDerivingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(nk: NullifierDerivingKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        nk.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&NullifierDerivingKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(nk: &NullifierDerivingKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        nk.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ProofAuthorizingKey> for NullifierDerivingKey {
+    /// Requires JubJub's _FindGroupHash^J("Zcash_H_", "")_, then uses
+    /// the resulting generator point to scalar multiply the
+    /// ProofAuthorizingKey into the new NullifierDerivingKey
+    ///
+    /// https://github.com/zcash/librustzcash/blob/master/zcash_primitives/src/group_hash.rs
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretegrouphashjubjub
+    fn from(nsk: ProofAuthorizingKey) -> Self {
+        // Should this point, when generated, be fixed for the rest of
+        // the protocol instance? Since this is kind of hash-and-pray, it
+        // seems it might not always return the same result?
+        let generator_point = zcash_h();
+
+        // TODO: impl Mul<ExtendedPoint> for Fr, so we can reverse
+        // this to match the math in the spec / general scalar mult
+        // notation convention.
+        Self(jubjub::AffinePoint::from(generator_point * nsk.0))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for NullifierDerivingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(*self) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// Magic human-readable strings used to identify what networks
+/// Sapling IncomingViewingKeys are associated with when
+/// encoded/decoded with bech32.
+mod ivk_hrp {
+    pub const MAINNET: &str = "zivks";
+    pub const TESTNET: &str = "zivktestsapling";
+}
+
+/// An _Incoming Viewing Key_, as described in [protocol specification
+/// §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Used to decrypt incoming notes without spending them.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct IncomingViewingKey {
+    network: Network,
+    scalar: Scalar,
+}
+
+// TODO: impl a From that accepts a Network?
+
+impl fmt::Debug for IncomingViewingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("IncomingViewingKey")
+            .field(&hex::encode(self.scalar.to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for IncomingViewingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let hrp = match self.network {
+            Network::Mainnet => ivk_hrp::MAINNET,
+            _ => ivk_hrp::TESTNET,
+        };
+
+        bech32::encode_to_fmt(f, hrp, &self.scalar.to_bytes().to_base32(), Variant::Bech32).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for IncomingViewingKey {
+    /// Generate an _IncomingViewingKey_ from existing bytes.
+    fn from(mut bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        // Drop the most significant five bits, so it can be interpreted
+        // as a scalar.
+        //
+        // I don't want to put this inside crh_ivk, but does it belong
+        // inside Scalar/Fr::from_bytes()? That seems the better
+        // place...
+        //
+        // https://github.com/zcash/librustzcash/blob/master/zcash_primitives/src/primitives.rs#L86
+        bytes[31] &= 0b0000_0111;
+
+        Self {
+            // TODO: handle setting the Network better.
+            network: Network::default(),
+            scalar: Scalar::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<(AuthorizingKey, NullifierDerivingKey)> for IncomingViewingKey {
+    /// For this invocation of Blake2s-256 as _CRH^ivk_.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concreteprfs
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#jubjub
+    // TODO: return None if ivk = 0
+    //
+    // "If ivk = 0, discard this key and start over with a new
+    // [spending key]." - [§4.2.2][ps]
+    //
+    // [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    fn from((ask, nk): (AuthorizingKey, NullifierDerivingKey)) -> Self {
+        let hash_bytes = crh_ivk(ask.into(), nk.into());
+
+        IncomingViewingKey::from(hash_bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for IncomingViewingKey {
+    type Err = SerializationError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match bech32::decode(s) {
+            Ok((hrp, bytes, Variant::Bech32)) => {
+                let decoded = Vec::<u8>::from_base32(&bytes).unwrap();
+
+                let mut scalar_bytes = [0u8; 32];
+                scalar_bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&decoded[0..32]);
+
+                Ok(IncomingViewingKey {
+                    network: match hrp.as_str() {
+                        ivk_hrp::MAINNET => Network::Mainnet,
+                        _ => Network::Testnet,
+                    },
+                    scalar: Scalar::from_bytes(&scalar_bytes).unwrap(),
+                })
+            }
+            _ => Err(SerializationError::Parse("bech32 decoding error")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for IncomingViewingKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        self.scalar.to_bytes() == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// A _Diversifier_, as described in [protocol specification §4.2.2][ps].
+///
+/// Combined with an _IncomingViewingKey_, produces a _diversified
+/// payment address_.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"),
+    derive(proptest_derive::Arbitrary)
+)]
+pub struct Diversifier(pub [u8; 11]);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Diversifier {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Diversifier")
+            .field(&hex::encode(&self.0))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<[u8; 11]> for Diversifier {
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 11]) -> Self {
+        Self(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Diversifier> for [u8; 11] {
+    fn from(d: Diversifier) -> [u8; 11] {
+        d.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Diversifier> for jubjub::AffinePoint {
+    type Error = &'static str;
+
+    /// Get a diversified base point from a diversifier value in affine
+    /// representation.
+    fn try_from(d: Diversifier) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        if let Ok(extended_point) = pallas::Point::try_from(d) {
+            Ok(extended_point.into())
+        } else {
+            Err("Invalid Diversifier -> jubjub::AffinePoint")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<Diversifier> for pallas::Point {
+    type Error = &'static str;
+
+    fn try_from(d: Diversifier) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let possible_point = diversify_hash(d.0);
+
+        if let Some(point) = possible_point {
+            Ok(point)
+        } else {
+            Err("Invalid Diversifier -> pallas::Point")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SpendingKey> for Diversifier {
+    /// Derives a [_default diversifier_][4.2.2] from a SpendingKey.
+    ///
+    /// 'For each spending key, there is also a default diversified
+    /// payment address with a “random-looking” diversifier. This
+    /// allows an implementation that does not expose diversified
+    /// addresses as a user-visible feature, to use a default address
+    /// that cannot be distinguished (without knowledge of the
+    /// spending key) from one with a random diversifier...'
+    ///
+    /// [4.2.2]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    fn from(sk: SpendingKey) -> Diversifier {
+        let mut i = 0u8;
+
+        loop {
+            let mut d_bytes = [0u8; 11];
+            d_bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&prf_expand(sk.bytes, &[3, i])[..11]);
+
+            if diversify_hash(d_bytes).is_some() {
+                break Self(d_bytes);
+            }
+
+            assert!(i < 255);
+
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 11]> for Diversifier {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 11]) -> bool {
+        self.0 == *other
+    }
+}
+
+impl Diversifier {
+    /// Generate a new _Diversifier_ that has already been confirmed
+    /// as a preimage to a valid diversified base point when used to
+    /// derive a diversified payment address.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretediversifyhash
+    pub fn new<T>(csprng: &mut T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: RngCore + CryptoRng,
+    {
+        loop {
+            let mut bytes = [0u8; 11];
+            csprng.fill_bytes(&mut bytes);
+
+            if diversify_hash(bytes).is_some() {
+                break Self(bytes);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A (diversified) _TransmissionKey_
+///
+/// In Sapling, secrets need to be transmitted to a recipient of funds
+/// in order for them to be later spent. To transmit these secrets
+/// securely to a recipient without requiring an out-of-band
+/// communication channel, the diversified transmission key is used to
+/// encrypt them.
+///
+/// Derived by multiplying a JubJub point [derived][ps] from a
+/// _Diversifier_ by the _IncomingViewingKey_ scalar.
+///
+/// [ps]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretediversifyhash
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TransmissionKey(pub jubjub::AffinePoint);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for TransmissionKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TransmissionKey")
+            .field("u", &hex::encode(self.0.get_u().to_bytes()))
+            .field("v", &hex::encode(self.0.get_v().to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for TransmissionKey {}
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for TransmissionKey {
+    /// Attempts to interpret a byte representation of an
+    /// affine point, failing if the element is not on
+    /// the curve or non-canonical.
+    ///
+    /// https://github.com/zkcrypto/jubjub/blob/master/src/lib.rs#L411
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self(jubjub::AffinePoint::from_bytes(bytes).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TransmissionKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(pk_d: TransmissionKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        pk_d.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<(IncomingViewingKey, Diversifier)> for TransmissionKey {
+    /// This includes _KA^Sapling.DerivePublic(ivk, G_d)_, which is just a
+    /// scalar mult _\[ivk\]G_d_.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingkeycomponents
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesaplingkeyagreement
+    fn from((ivk, d): (IncomingViewingKey, Diversifier)) -> Self {
+        Self(jubjub::AffinePoint::from(
+            diversify_hash(d.0).unwrap() * ivk.scalar,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for TransmissionKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(*self) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+/// Magic human-readable strings used to identify what networks
+/// Sapling FullViewingKeys are associated with when encoded/decoded
+/// with bech32.
+mod fvk_hrp {
+    pub const MAINNET: &str = "zviews";
+    pub const TESTNET: &str = "zviewtestsapling";
+}
+
+/// Full Viewing Keys
+///
+/// Allows recognizing both incoming and outgoing notes without having
+/// spend authority.
+///
+/// For incoming viewing keys on the production network, the
+/// Human-Readable Part is “zviews”. For incoming viewing keys on the
+/// test network, the Human-Readable Part is “zviewtestsapling”.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#saplingfullviewingkeyencoding
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FullViewingKey {
+    network: Network,
+    authorizing_key: AuthorizingKey,
+    nullifier_deriving_key: NullifierDerivingKey,
+    outgoing_viewing_key: OutgoingViewingKey,
+}
+
+// TODO: impl a From that accepts a Network?
+
+impl fmt::Debug for FullViewingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("FullViewingKey")
+            .field("network", &self.network)
+            .field("authorizing_key", &self.authorizing_key)
+            .field("nullifier_deriving_key", &self.nullifier_deriving_key)
+            .field("outgoing_viewing_key", &self.outgoing_viewing_key)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for FullViewingKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut bytes = io::Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+
+        let _ = bytes.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self.authorizing_key));
+        let _ = bytes.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self.nullifier_deriving_key));
+        let _ = bytes.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self.outgoing_viewing_key));
+
+        let hrp = match self.network {
+            Network::Mainnet => fvk_hrp::MAINNET,
+            _ => fvk_hrp::TESTNET,
+        };
+
+        bech32::encode_to_fmt(f, hrp, bytes.get_ref().to_base32(), Variant::Bech32).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for FullViewingKey {
+    type Err = SerializationError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match bech32::decode(s) {
+            Ok((hrp, bytes, Variant::Bech32)) => {
+                let mut decoded_bytes = io::Cursor::new(Vec::<u8>::from_base32(&bytes).unwrap());
+
+                let authorizing_key_bytes = decoded_bytes.read_32_bytes()?;
+                let nullifier_deriving_key_bytes = decoded_bytes.read_32_bytes()?;
+                let outgoing_key_bytes = decoded_bytes.read_32_bytes()?;
+
+                Ok(FullViewingKey {
+                    network: match hrp.as_str() {
+                        fvk_hrp::MAINNET => Network::Mainnet,
+                        _ => Network::Testnet,
+                    },
+                    authorizing_key: AuthorizingKey::from(authorizing_key_bytes),
+                    nullifier_deriving_key: NullifierDerivingKey::from(
+                        nullifier_deriving_key_bytes,
+                    ),
+                    outgoing_viewing_key: OutgoingViewingKey::from(outgoing_key_bytes),
+                })
+            }
+            _ => Err(SerializationError::Parse("bech32 decoding error")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An ephemeral public key for Sapling key agreement.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretesaplingkeyagreement
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Deserialize, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+pub struct EphemeralPublicKey(
+    #[serde(with = "serde_helpers::AffinePoint")] pub jubjub::AffinePoint,
+);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for EphemeralPublicKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("EphemeralPublicKey")
+            .field("u", &hex::encode(self.0.get_u().to_bytes()))
+            .field("v", &hex::encode(self.0.get_v().to_bytes()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for EphemeralPublicKey {}
+
+impl From<&EphemeralPublicKey> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(nk: &EphemeralPublicKey) -> [u8; 32] {
+        nk.0.to_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<[u8; 32]> for EphemeralPublicKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &[u8; 32]) -> bool {
+        <[u8; 32]>::from(self) == *other
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<[u8; 32]> for EphemeralPublicKey {
+    type Error = &'static str;
+
+    fn try_from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let possible_point = jubjub::AffinePoint::from_bytes(bytes);
+
+        if possible_point.is_some().into() {
+            Ok(Self(possible_point.unwrap()))
+        } else {
+            Err("Invalid jubjub::AffinePoint value")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for EphemeralPublicKey {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        writer.write_all(&<[u8; 32]>::from(self)[..])?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for EphemeralPublicKey {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        Self::try_from(reader.read_32_bytes()?).map_err(|e| SerializationError::Parse(e))
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys/test_vectors.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys/test_vectors.rs
@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+// Generated from https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/zcash-test-vectors/blob/07dc43fd90cd78a0b45b2eb5d2be3ce3c1841603/sapling_key_components.py
+
+pub struct TestVector {
+    pub sk: [u8; 32],
+    pub ask: [u8; 32],
+    pub nsk: [u8; 32],
+    pub ovk: [u8; 32],
+    pub ak: [u8; 32],
+    pub nk: [u8; 32],
+    pub ivk: [u8; 32],
+    pub default_d: [u8; 11],
+    pub default_pk_d: [u8; 32],
+    pub note_v: u64,
+    pub note_r: [u8; 32],
+    pub note_cmu: [u8; 32],
+    pub note_pos: u64,
+    pub note_nf: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+pub const TEST_VECTORS: [TestVector; 10] = [
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0x85, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x4a, 0x47, 0x3e, 0xa5, 0x47, 0xaa, 0x23, 0x78, 0x40, 0x20, 0x44,
+            0xf8, 0x18, 0xcf, 0x19, 0x11, 0xcf, 0x5d, 0xd2, 0x05, 0x4f, 0x67, 0x83, 0x45, 0xf0,
+            0x0d, 0x0e, 0x88, 0x06,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x30, 0x11, 0x4e, 0xa0, 0xdd, 0x0b, 0xb6, 0x1c, 0xf0, 0xea, 0xea, 0xb6, 0xec, 0x33,
+            0x31, 0xf5, 0x81, 0xb0, 0x42, 0x5e, 0x27, 0x33, 0x85, 0x01, 0x26, 0x2d, 0x7e, 0xac,
+            0x74, 0x5e, 0x6e, 0x05,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x98, 0xd1, 0x69, 0x13, 0xd9, 0x9b, 0x04, 0x17, 0x7c, 0xab, 0xa4, 0x4f, 0x6e, 0x4d,
+            0x22, 0x4e, 0x03, 0xb5, 0xac, 0x03, 0x1d, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x5e, 0x86, 0x51, 0x38, 0xe1,
+            0xb9, 0x96, 0xd6, 0x3b,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0xf3, 0x44, 0xec, 0x38, 0x0f, 0xe1, 0x27, 0x3e, 0x30, 0x98, 0xc2, 0x58, 0x8c, 0x5d,
+            0x3a, 0x79, 0x1f, 0xd7, 0xba, 0x95, 0x80, 0x32, 0x76, 0x07, 0x77, 0xfd, 0x0e, 0xfa,
+            0x8e, 0xf1, 0x16, 0x20,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0xf7, 0xcf, 0x9e, 0x77, 0xf2, 0xe5, 0x86, 0x83, 0x38, 0x3c, 0x15, 0x19, 0xac, 0x7b,
+            0x06, 0x2d, 0x30, 0x04, 0x0e, 0x27, 0xa7, 0x25, 0xfb, 0x88, 0xfb, 0x19, 0xa9, 0x78,
+            0xbd, 0x3f, 0xd6, 0xba,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0xb7, 0x0b, 0x7c, 0xd0, 0xed, 0x03, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0xd7, 0xad, 0xa9, 0x50, 0x2e, 0xe2,
+            0x45, 0xb1, 0x3e, 0x56, 0x9d, 0x54, 0xa5, 0x71, 0x9d, 0x2d, 0xaa, 0x0f, 0x5f, 0x14,
+            0x51, 0x47, 0x92, 0x04,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xf1, 0x9d, 0x9b, 0x79, 0x7e, 0x39, 0xf3, 0x37, 0x44, 0x58, 0x39,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0xdb, 0x4c, 0xd2, 0xb0, 0xaa, 0xc4, 0xf7, 0xeb, 0x8c, 0xa1, 0x31, 0xf1, 0x65, 0x67,
+            0xc4, 0x45, 0xa9, 0x55, 0x51, 0x26, 0xd3, 0xc2, 0x9f, 0x14, 0xe3, 0xd7, 0x76, 0xe8,
+            0x41, 0xae, 0x74, 0x15,
+        ],
+        note_v: 0,
+        note_r: [
+            0x39, 0x17, 0x6d, 0xac, 0x39, 0xac, 0xe4, 0x98, 0x0e, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x77, 0x8e, 0x89,
+            0x86, 0x02, 0x55, 0xec, 0x36, 0x15, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xcb, 0x3c, 0xf9, 0x15, 0x32, 0x70, 0xd5, 0x7e, 0xb9, 0x14, 0xc6, 0xc2, 0xbc, 0xc0,
+            0x18, 0x50, 0xc9, 0xfe, 0xd4, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x08, 0x06, 0x27, 0x8f, 0x08, 0x3e, 0xf2,
+            0xdd, 0x07, 0x64, 0x39,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 0,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x44, 0xfa, 0xd6, 0x56, 0x4f, 0xfd, 0xec, 0x9f, 0xa1, 0x9c, 0x43, 0xa2, 0x8f, 0x86,
+            0x1d, 0x5e, 0xbf, 0x60, 0x23, 0x46, 0x00, 0x7d, 0xe7, 0x62, 0x67, 0xd9, 0x75, 0x27,
+            0x47, 0xab, 0x40, 0x63,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
+            0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
+            0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0xc9, 0x43, 0x56, 0x29, 0xbf, 0x8b, 0xff, 0xe5, 0x5e, 0x73, 0x35, 0xec, 0x07, 0x77,
+            0x18, 0xba, 0x60, 0xba, 0x28, 0xd7, 0xac, 0x37, 0x94, 0xb7, 0x4f, 0x51, 0x2c, 0x31,
+            0xaf, 0x0a, 0x53, 0x04,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x11, 0xac, 0xc2, 0xea, 0xd0, 0x7b, 0x5f, 0x00, 0x8c, 0x1f, 0x0f, 0x09, 0x0c, 0xc8,
+            0xdd, 0xf3, 0x35, 0x23, 0x6f, 0xf4, 0xb2, 0x53, 0xc6, 0x49, 0x56, 0x95, 0xe9, 0xd6,
+            0x39, 0xda, 0xcd, 0x08,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x3b, 0x94, 0x62, 0x10, 0xce, 0x6d, 0x1b, 0x16, 0x92, 0xd7, 0x39, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x4a,
+            0x8b, 0xc8, 0xf0, 0x3b, 0x72, 0x72, 0x3c, 0x7d, 0x36, 0x72, 0x1b, 0x80, 0x9a, 0x79,
+            0xc9, 0xd6, 0xe4, 0x5b,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x82, 0xff, 0x5e, 0xff, 0xc5, 0x27, 0xae, 0x84, 0x02, 0x0b, 0xf2, 0xd3, 0x52, 0x01,
+            0xc1, 0x02, 0x19, 0x13, 0x19, 0x47, 0xff, 0x4b, 0x96, 0xf8, 0x81, 0xa4, 0x5f, 0x2e,
+            0x8a, 0xe3, 0x05, 0x18,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0xc4, 0x53, 0x4d, 0x84, 0x8b, 0xb9, 0x18, 0xcf, 0x4a, 0x7f, 0x8b, 0x98, 0x74, 0x0a,
+            0xb3, 0xcc, 0xee, 0x58, 0x67, 0x95, 0xff, 0x4d, 0xf6, 0x45, 0x47, 0xa8, 0x88, 0x8a,
+            0x6c, 0x74, 0x15, 0xd2,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0xc5, 0x18, 0x38, 0x44, 0x66, 0xb2, 0x69, 0x88, 0xb5, 0x10, 0x90, 0x67, 0x41, 0x8d,
+            0x19, 0x2d, 0x9d, 0x6b, 0xd0, 0xd9, 0x23, 0x22, 0x05, 0xd7, 0x74, 0x18, 0xc2, 0x40,
+            0xfc, 0x68, 0xa4, 0x06,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xae, 0xf1, 0x80, 0xf6, 0xe3, 0x4e, 0x35, 0x4b, 0x88, 0x8f, 0x81,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0xa6, 0xb1, 0x3e, 0xa3, 0x36, 0xdd, 0xb7, 0xa6, 0x7b, 0xb0, 0x9a, 0x0e, 0x68, 0xe9,
+            0xd3, 0xcf, 0xb3, 0x92, 0x10, 0x83, 0x1e, 0xa3, 0xa2, 0x96, 0xba, 0x09, 0xa9, 0x22,
+            0x06, 0x0f, 0xd3, 0x8b,
+        ],
+        note_v: 12_227_227_834_928_555_328,
+        note_r: [
+            0x47, 0x8b, 0xa0, 0xee, 0x6e, 0x1a, 0x75, 0xb6, 0x00, 0x03, 0x6f, 0x26, 0xf1, 0x8b,
+            0x70, 0x15, 0xab, 0x55, 0x6b, 0xed, 0xdf, 0x8b, 0x96, 0x02, 0x38, 0x86, 0x9f, 0x89,
+            0xdd, 0x80, 0x4e, 0x06,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xb5, 0x78, 0x93, 0x50, 0x0b, 0xfb, 0x85, 0xdf, 0x2e, 0x8b, 0x01, 0xac, 0x45, 0x2f,
+            0x89, 0xe1, 0x0e, 0x26, 0x6b, 0xcf, 0xa3, 0x1c, 0x31, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x53, 0xae, 0x72,
+            0xca, 0xd4, 0x69, 0x50,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 763_714_296,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x67, 0x9e, 0xb0, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x57, 0xe2, 0xae, 0x83, 0xcd, 0xb4, 0x2a, 0x1a, 0xb2,
+            0x59, 0xd7, 0x83, 0x88, 0x31, 0x54, 0x19, 0xad, 0xc7, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x37, 0x63, 0x17,
+            0x4c, 0x2e, 0x9d, 0x93,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02,
+            0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02,
+            0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0xee, 0x1c, 0x3d, 0x7e, 0xfe, 0x0a, 0x78, 0x06, 0x3d, 0x6a, 0xf3, 0xd9, 0xd8, 0x12,
+            0x12, 0xaf, 0x47, 0xb7, 0xc1, 0xb7, 0x61, 0xf8, 0x5c, 0xcb, 0x06, 0x6f, 0xc1, 0x1a,
+            0x6a, 0x42, 0x17, 0x03,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x1d, 0x3b, 0x71, 0x37, 0x55, 0xd7, 0x48, 0x75, 0xe8, 0xea, 0x38, 0xfd, 0x16, 0x6e,
+            0x76, 0xc6, 0x2a, 0x42, 0x50, 0x21, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0xbf, 0xe4, 0x8a, 0x5e, 0x2e, 0xab,
+            0xad, 0x11, 0x7f, 0x0b,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x8b, 0xf4, 0x39, 0x0e, 0x28, 0xdd, 0xc9, 0x5b, 0x83, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x81, 0xd5, 0x81,
+            0x0b, 0x84, 0xba, 0x8e, 0x60, 0x96, 0xe5, 0xa7, 0x68, 0x22, 0x77, 0x4f, 0xd4, 0x9f,
+            0x49, 0x1e, 0x8f, 0x49,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0xab, 0x83, 0x57, 0x4e, 0xb5, 0xde, 0x85, 0x9a, 0x0a, 0xb8, 0x62, 0x9d, 0xec, 0x34,
+            0xc7, 0xbe, 0xe8, 0xc3, 0xfc, 0x74, 0xdf, 0xa0, 0xb1, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0x74, 0x68, 0xd1,
+            0x5d, 0xca, 0x64, 0xc6,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0x95, 0xd5, 0x80, 0x53, 0xe0, 0x59, 0x2e, 0x4a, 0x16, 0x9c, 0xc0, 0xb7, 0x92, 0x8a,
+            0xaa, 0xc3, 0xde, 0x24, 0xef, 0x15, 0x31, 0xaa, 0x9e, 0xb6, 0xf4, 0xab, 0x93, 0x91,
+            0x4d, 0xa8, 0xa0, 0x6e,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0x47, 0x1c, 0x24, 0xa3, 0xdc, 0x87, 0x30, 0xe7, 0x50, 0x36, 0xc0, 0xa9, 0x5f, 0x3e,
+            0x2f, 0x7d, 0xd1, 0xbe, 0x6f, 0xb9, 0x3a, 0xd2, 0x95, 0x92, 0x20, 0x3d, 0xef, 0x30,
+            0x41, 0x95, 0x45, 0x05,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0x75, 0x99, 0xf0, 0xbf, 0x9b, 0x57, 0xcd, 0x2d, 0xc2, 0x99, 0xb6,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x66, 0x14, 0x17, 0x39, 0x51, 0x4b, 0x28, 0xf0, 0x5d, 0xef, 0x8a, 0x18, 0xee, 0xee,
+            0x5e, 0xed, 0x4d, 0x44, 0xc6, 0x22, 0x5c, 0x3c, 0x65, 0xd8, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0x90, 0x77,
+            0x08, 0x01, 0x2f, 0x5a,
+        ],
+        note_v: 6_007_711_596_147_559_040,
+        note_r: [
+            0x14, 0x7c, 0xf2, 0xb5, 0x1b, 0x4c, 0x7c, 0x63, 0xcb, 0x77, 0xb9, 0x9e, 0x8b, 0x78,
+            0x3e, 0x5b, 0x51, 0x11, 0xdb, 0x0a, 0x7c, 0xa0, 0x4d, 0x6c, 0x01, 0x4a, 0x1d, 0x7d,
+            0xa8, 0x3b, 0xae, 0x0a,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xdb, 0x85, 0xa7, 0x0a, 0x98, 0x43, 0x7f, 0x73, 0x16, 0x7f, 0xc3, 0x32, 0xd5, 0xb7,
+            0xb7, 0x40, 0x82, 0x96, 0x66, 0x17, 0x70, 0xb1, 0x01, 0xb0, 0xaa, 0x87, 0x83, 0x9f,
+            0x4e, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x51,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 1_527_428_592,
+        note_nf: [
+            0xe9, 0x8f, 0x6a, 0x8f, 0x34, 0xff, 0x49, 0x80, 0x59, 0xb3, 0xc7, 0x31, 0xb9, 0x1f,
+            0x45, 0x11, 0x08, 0xc4, 0x95, 0x4d, 0x91, 0x94, 0x84, 0x36, 0x1c, 0xf9, 0xb4, 0x8f,
+            0x59, 0xae, 0x1d, 0x14,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03,
+            0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03,
+            0x03, 0x03, 0x03, 0x03,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0x00, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xe1, 0xca, 0x8f, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x80, 0xee, 0x1e, 0xe9, 0x0c, 0xa7,
+            0x51, 0x78, 0x79, 0xd3, 0xfc, 0x5c, 0x81, 0x5c, 0x09, 0x03, 0xe5, 0xee, 0xbc, 0x94,
+            0xbb, 0x80, 0x95, 0x03,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0xe6, 0x62, 0x85, 0xa5, 0xe9, 0xb6, 0x5e, 0x15, 0x7a, 0xd2, 0xfc, 0xd5, 0x43, 0xda,
+            0xd9, 0x8c, 0x67, 0xa5, 0x8a, 0xbd, 0xf2, 0x87, 0xe0, 0x55, 0x06, 0xbd, 0x1c, 0x2e,
+            0x59, 0xb0, 0x72, 0x0b,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x14, 0x76, 0x78, 0xe0, 0x55, 0x3b, 0x97, 0x82, 0x93, 0x47, 0x64, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0xc7,
+            0xda, 0xb4, 0xcc, 0x22, 0x02, 0xb5, 0x4e, 0xc2, 0x9f, 0xd3, 0x1a, 0x3d, 0xe6, 0xbe,
+            0x08, 0x25, 0xfc, 0x5e,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x3c, 0x9c, 0xde, 0x7e, 0x5d, 0x0d, 0x38, 0xa8, 0x61, 0x0f, 0xaa, 0xdb, 0xcf, 0x4c,
+            0x34, 0x3f, 0x5d, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x31, 0x55, 0xa5, 0xb9, 0x46, 0x61, 0xa6, 0x75, 0x3e,
+            0x96, 0xe8, 0x84, 0xea,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0xb7, 0x7d, 0x36, 0xf5, 0x08, 0x94, 0x1d, 0xbd, 0x61, 0xcf, 0xd0, 0xf1, 0x59, 0xee,
+            0x05, 0xcf, 0xaa, 0x78, 0xa2, 0x6c, 0x94, 0x92, 0x90, 0x38, 0x06, 0xd8, 0x3b, 0x59,
+            0x8d, 0x3c, 0x1c, 0x2a,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0x63, 0x6a, 0xa9, 0x64, 0xbf, 0xc2, 0x3c, 0xe4, 0xb1, 0xfc, 0xf7, 0xdf, 0xc9, 0x91,
+            0x79, 0xdd, 0xc4, 0x06, 0xff, 0x55, 0x40, 0x0c, 0x92, 0x95, 0xac, 0xfc, 0x14, 0xf0,
+            0x31, 0xc7, 0x26, 0x00,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0x1b, 0x81, 0x61, 0x4f, 0x1d, 0xad, 0xea, 0x0f, 0x8d, 0x0a, 0x58,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x25, 0xeb, 0x55, 0xfc, 0xcf, 0x76, 0x1f, 0xc6, 0x4e, 0x85, 0xa5, 0x88, 0xef, 0xe6,
+            0xea, 0xd7, 0x83, 0x2f, 0xb1, 0xf0, 0xf7, 0xa8, 0x31, 0x65, 0x89, 0x5b, 0xdf, 0xf9,
+            0x42, 0x92, 0x5f, 0x5c,
+        ],
+        note_v: 18_234_939_431_076_114_368,
+        note_r: [
+            0x34, 0xa4, 0xb2, 0xa9, 0x14, 0x4f, 0xf5, 0xea, 0x54, 0xef, 0xee, 0x87, 0xcf, 0x90,
+            0x1b, 0x5b, 0xed, 0x5e, 0x35, 0xd2, 0x1f, 0xbb, 0xd7, 0x88, 0xd5, 0xbd, 0x9d, 0x83,
+            0x3e, 0x11, 0x28, 0x04,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xe0, 0x8c, 0xe4, 0x82, 0xb3, 0xa8, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x35, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0xe3, 0x43, 0x37,
+            0xbd, 0x10, 0x5d, 0x88, 0x39, 0x21, 0x2e, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x44, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x5c, 0xaa,
+            0x60, 0xd1, 0x9b, 0x6c,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 2_291_142_888,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x55, 0x47, 0xaa, 0x12, 0xff, 0x80, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0x30, 0x4e, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x86, 0x56,
+            0x47, 0x2a, 0xbd, 0x2c, 0x81, 0x83, 0xb5, 0x9d, 0x07, 0x37, 0xb9, 0x3c, 0xee, 0x75,
+            0x8b, 0xec, 0x47, 0xa1,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+            0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0x82, 0x36, 0xd1, 0x9d, 0x32, 0x05, 0xd8, 0x55, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x68, 0x11, 0x34, 0x3f,
+            0x82, 0x7b, 0x65, 0x63, 0x77, 0x0a, 0x49, 0xaa, 0x4d, 0x0c, 0xa0, 0x08, 0x18, 0x05,
+            0xd4, 0xc8, 0xea, 0x0d,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x7e, 0xc1, 0xef, 0x0b, 0xed, 0x82, 0x71, 0x82, 0x72, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0x4f, 0x01, 0x7c,
+            0x48, 0x41, 0x74, 0x51, 0x3d, 0x66, 0x1d, 0xd1, 0x68, 0xaf, 0x02, 0xd2, 0x09, 0x2a,
+            0x1d, 0x8a, 0x05, 0x07,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x1b, 0x6e, 0x75, 0xec, 0xe3, 0xac, 0xe8, 0xdb, 0xa6, 0xa5, 0x41, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0xd4,
+            0x75, 0x56, 0x68, 0xe4, 0xb3, 0x95, 0x85, 0xd6, 0x35, 0xec, 0x1d, 0xa7, 0xc8, 0xdc,
+            0xfd, 0x5f, 0xc4, 0xed,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x55, 0xe8, 0x83, 0x89, 0xbb, 0x7e, 0x41, 0xde, 0x13, 0x0c, 0xfa, 0x51, 0xa8, 0x71,
+            0x5f, 0xde, 0x01, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x68, 0x76, 0x64, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x75, 0xad, 0x34, 0xf0,
+            0x58, 0xdd, 0xe0, 0x1a,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0x72, 0x5d, 0x4a, 0xd6, 0xa1, 0x50, 0x21, 0xcd, 0x1c, 0x48, 0xc5, 0xee, 0x19, 0xde,
+            0x6c, 0x1e, 0x76, 0x8a, 0x2c, 0xc0, 0xa9, 0xa7, 0x30, 0xa0, 0x1b, 0xb2, 0x1c, 0x95,
+            0xe3, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0x3c,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0x67, 0xfa, 0x2b, 0xf7, 0xc6, 0x7d, 0x46, 0x58, 0x24, 0x3c, 0x31, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xb4,
+            0x1f, 0xd3, 0x20, 0x64, 0xdf, 0xd3, 0x70, 0x9f, 0xe0, 0xdc, 0xb7, 0x24, 0xf1, 0x4b,
+            0xb0, 0x1a, 0x1d, 0x04,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xfc, 0xfb, 0x68, 0xa4, 0x0d, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xa0, 0x4b, 0x09, 0xc4,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x8b, 0x2a, 0x33, 0x7f, 0x03, 0x62, 0x2c, 0x24, 0xff, 0x38, 0x1d, 0x4c, 0x54, 0x6f,
+            0x69, 0x77, 0xf9, 0x05, 0x22, 0xe9, 0x2f, 0xde, 0x44, 0xc9, 0xd1, 0xbb, 0x09, 0x97,
+            0x14, 0xb9, 0xdb, 0x2b,
+        ],
+        note_v: 12_015_423_192_295_118_080,
+        note_r: [
+            0xe5, 0x57, 0x85, 0x13, 0x55, 0x74, 0x7c, 0x09, 0xac, 0x59, 0x01, 0x3c, 0xbd, 0xe8,
+            0x59, 0x80, 0x96, 0x4e, 0xc1, 0x84, 0x4d, 0x9c, 0x69, 0x67, 0xca, 0x0c, 0x02, 0x9c,
+            0x84, 0x57, 0xbb, 0x04,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xbd, 0xc8, 0x54, 0xbf, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x00, 0x82, 0x1f, 0x3b, 0x8b, 0x85, 0x23, 0x8c,
+            0xcf, 0x1e, 0x67, 0x15, 0xbf, 0xe7, 0x0b, 0x63, 0x2d, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x26, 0xfb, 0x2b,
+            0xc7, 0x1b, 0x7f, 0x36,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 3_054_857_184,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x8a, 0x9a, 0xbd, 0xa3, 0xd4, 0xef, 0x85, 0xca, 0xf2, 0x2b, 0xfa, 0xf2, 0xc4, 0x8f,
+            0x62, 0x38, 0x2a, 0x73, 0xa1, 0x62, 0x4e, 0xb8, 0xeb, 0x2b, 0xd0, 0x0d, 0x27, 0x03,
+            0x01, 0xbf, 0x3d, 0x13,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05,
+            0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05,
+            0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x05,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0xea, 0xe6, 0x88, 0x4d, 0x76, 0x4a, 0x05, 0x40, 0x61, 0xa8, 0xf1, 0xc0, 0x07, 0x6c,
+            0x62, 0x4d, 0xcb, 0x73, 0x87, 0x89, 0xf7, 0xad, 0x1e, 0x74, 0x08, 0xe3, 0x1f, 0x24,
+            0xdf, 0xc8, 0x26, 0x07,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0xfb, 0xe6, 0x10, 0xf4, 0x2a, 0x41, 0x74, 0x9f, 0x9b, 0x6e, 0x6e, 0x4a, 0x54, 0xb5,
+            0xa3, 0x2e, 0xbf, 0xe8, 0xf4, 0x38, 0x00, 0x88, 0x1b, 0xa6, 0xcd, 0x13, 0xed, 0x0b,
+            0x05, 0x29, 0x46, 0x01,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0xc6, 0xbc, 0x1f, 0x39, 0xf0, 0xd7, 0x86, 0x31, 0x4c, 0xb2, 0x0b, 0xf9, 0xab, 0x22,
+            0x85, 0x40, 0x91, 0x35, 0x55, 0xf9, 0x70, 0x69, 0x6b, 0x6d, 0x7c, 0x77, 0xbb, 0x33,
+            0x23, 0x28, 0x37, 0x2a,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0xe6, 0x82, 0x76, 0x59, 0x14, 0xe3, 0x86, 0x4c, 0x33, 0x9e, 0x57, 0x82, 0xb8, 0x55,
+            0xc0, 0xfd, 0xf4, 0x0e, 0x0d, 0xfc, 0xed, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0xb4, 0x7b, 0xc9, 0x4b, 0x90,
+            0xb3, 0xa4, 0xc9, 0x88,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0x82, 0x25, 0x6b, 0x95, 0x62, 0x3c, 0x67, 0x02, 0x4b, 0x44, 0x24, 0xd9, 0x14, 0x00,
+            0xa3, 0x70, 0xe7, 0xac, 0x8e, 0x4d, 0x15, 0x48, 0x2a, 0x37, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x0d, 0x21,
+            0x97, 0x49, 0xda, 0xee,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0xea, 0x3f, 0x1d, 0x80, 0xe4, 0x30, 0x7c, 0xa7, 0x3b, 0x9f, 0x37, 0x80, 0x1f, 0x91,
+            0xfb, 0xa8, 0x10, 0xcc, 0x41, 0xd2, 0x79, 0xfc, 0x29, 0xf5, 0x64, 0x23, 0x56, 0x54,
+            0xa2, 0x17, 0x8e, 0x03,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xeb, 0x51, 0x98, 0x82, 0xad, 0x1e, 0x5c, 0xc6, 0x54, 0xcd, 0x59,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x6b, 0x27, 0xda, 0xcc, 0xb5, 0xa8, 0x20, 0x7f, 0x53, 0x2d, 0x10, 0xca, 0x23, 0x8f,
+            0x97, 0x86, 0x64, 0x8a, 0x11, 0xb5, 0x96, 0x6e, 0x51, 0xa2, 0xf7, 0xd8, 0x9e, 0x15,
+            0xd2, 0x9b, 0x8f, 0xdf,
+        ],
+        note_v: 5_795_906_953_514_121_792,
+        note_r: [
+            0x68, 0xf0, 0x61, 0x04, 0x60, 0x6b, 0x0c, 0x54, 0x49, 0x84, 0x5f, 0xf4, 0xc6, 0x5f,
+            0x73, 0xe9, 0x0f, 0x45, 0xef, 0x5a, 0x43, 0xc9, 0xd7, 0x4c, 0xb2, 0xc8, 0x5c, 0xf5,
+            0x6c, 0x94, 0xc0, 0x02,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xe8, 0x26, 0x7d, 0x30, 0xac, 0x11, 0xc1, 0x00, 0xbc, 0x7a, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0x91, 0xf7,
+            0x1d, 0x74, 0xc5, 0xbc, 0xf2, 0xe1, 0xef, 0x95, 0x66, 0x90, 0x44, 0x73, 0x01, 0x69,
+            0xde, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x4c,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 3_818_571_480,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x33, 0x2a, 0xd9, 0x9e, 0xb9, 0xe9, 0x77, 0xeb, 0x62, 0x7a, 0x12, 0x2d, 0xbf, 0xb2,
+            0xf2, 0x5f, 0xe5, 0x88, 0xe5, 0x97, 0x75, 0x3e, 0xc5, 0x58, 0x0f, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0x20,
+            0xb6, 0xc9, 0xa7, 0xe1,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06,
+            0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06,
+            0x06, 0x06, 0x06, 0x06,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0xe8, 0xf8, 0x16, 0xb4, 0xbc, 0x08, 0xa7, 0xe5, 0x66, 0x75, 0x0c, 0xc2, 0x8a, 0xfe,
+            0x82, 0xa4, 0xce, 0xa9, 0xc2, 0xbe, 0xf2, 0x44, 0xfa, 0x4b, 0x13, 0xc4, 0x73, 0x9b,
+            0x28, 0x07, 0x4c, 0x0d,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x32, 0x61, 0x5b, 0x13, 0x7f, 0x28, 0x01, 0xed, 0x44, 0x6e, 0x48, 0x78, 0x1a, 0xb0,
+            0x63, 0x45, 0x72, 0xe1, 0x8c, 0xfb, 0x06, 0x93, 0x72, 0x1b, 0x88, 0x03, 0xc0, 0x5b,
+            0x82, 0x27, 0xd1, 0x07,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0xf6, 0x2c, 0x05, 0xe8, 0x48, 0xa8, 0x73, 0xef, 0x88, 0x5e, 0x12, 0xb0, 0x8c, 0x5e,
+            0x7c, 0xa2, 0xf3, 0x24, 0x24, 0xba, 0xcc, 0x75, 0x4c, 0xb6, 0x97, 0x50, 0x44, 0x4d,
+            0x35, 0x5f, 0x51, 0x06,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0xff, 0x27, 0xdb, 0x07, 0x51, 0x94, 0x5d, 0x3e, 0xe4, 0xbe, 0x9c, 0xf1, 0x5c, 0x2e,
+            0xa2, 0x11, 0xb2, 0x4b, 0x16, 0x4d, 0x5f, 0x2d, 0x7d, 0xdf, 0xf5, 0xe4, 0xa0, 0x70,
+            0x8f, 0x10, 0xb9, 0x5e,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0x94, 0x38, 0x85, 0x95, 0x9d, 0x4e, 0xf8, 0xa9, 0xcf, 0xca, 0x07, 0xc4, 0x57, 0xf0,
+            0x9e, 0xc7, 0x4b, 0x96, 0xf9, 0x93, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0xfa, 0x32, 0xb1, 0x9c, 0x03, 0xe3,
+            0xb0, 0x7a, 0x42, 0x0f,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0xb5, 0xc5, 0x89, 0x49, 0x43, 0x95, 0x69, 0x33, 0xc0, 0xe5, 0xc1, 0x2d, 0x31, 0x1f,
+            0xc1, 0x2c, 0xba, 0x58, 0x35, 0x4b, 0x5c, 0x38, 0x9e, 0xdc, 0x03, 0xda, 0x55, 0x08,
+            0x4f, 0x74, 0xc2, 0x05,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xbe, 0xbb, 0x0f, 0xb4, 0x6b, 0x8a, 0xaf, 0xf8, 0x90, 0x40, 0xf6,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0xd1, 0x1d, 0xa0, 0x1f, 0x0b, 0x43, 0xbd, 0xd5, 0x28, 0x8d, 0x32, 0x38, 0x5b, 0x87,
+            0x71, 0xd2, 0x23, 0x49, 0x3c, 0x69, 0x80, 0x25, 0x44, 0x04, 0x3f, 0x77, 0xcf, 0x1d,
+            0x71, 0xc1, 0xcb, 0x8c,
+        ],
+        note_v: 18_023_134_788_442_677_120,
+        note_r: [
+            0x49, 0xf9, 0x0b, 0x47, 0xfd, 0x52, 0xfe, 0xe7, 0xc1, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x0d, 0xcb, 0x5b,
+            0x74, 0xc3, 0xfb, 0x9b, 0x3e, 0x03, 0x97, 0x6f, 0x8b, 0x75, 0x24, 0xea, 0xba, 0xd0,
+            0x08, 0x89, 0x21, 0x07,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0x57, 0x2b, 0xa2, 0x05, 0x25, 0xb0, 0xac, 0x4d, 0x6d, 0xc0, 0x1a, 0xc2, 0xea, 0x10,
+            0x90, 0xb6, 0xe0, 0xf2, 0xf4, 0xbf, 0x4e, 0xc4, 0xa0, 0xdb, 0x5b, 0xbc, 0xcb, 0x5b,
+            0x78, 0x3a, 0x1e, 0x55,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 287_318_480,
+        note_nf: [
+            0xfc, 0x74, 0xcd, 0x0e, 0x4b, 0xe0, 0x49, 0x57, 0xb1, 0x96, 0xcf, 0x87, 0x34, 0xae,
+            0x99, 0x23, 0x96, 0xaf, 0x4c, 0xfa, 0x8f, 0xec, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xf9, 0x61, 0xe6, 0xb4,
+            0x07, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0x11,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07,
+            0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07,
+            0x07, 0x07, 0x07, 0x07,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0x74, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0x37, 0xf1, 0x50, 0x23, 0xc0, 0x60, 0x42, 0x7e, 0x1d, 0xae, 0xa3,
+            0xf6, 0x43, 0x12, 0xdd, 0x8f, 0xeb, 0x7b, 0x2c, 0xed, 0xf0, 0xdd, 0x55, 0x44, 0x49,
+            0x3f, 0x87, 0x2c, 0x06,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x07, 0x5c, 0x35, 0xdb, 0x8b, 0x1b, 0x25, 0x75, 0x42, 0x23, 0xec, 0xee, 0x34, 0xab,
+            0x73, 0x0d, 0xdd, 0xd1, 0xf1, 0x4a, 0x6a, 0x54, 0xf4, 0xc6, 0xf4, 0x68, 0x45, 0x3c,
+            0x3c, 0x6e, 0xd6, 0x0b,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0xe9, 0xe0, 0xdc, 0x1e, 0xd3, 0x11, 0xda, 0xed, 0x64, 0xbd, 0x74, 0xda, 0x5d, 0x94,
+            0xfe, 0x88, 0xa6, 0xea, 0x41, 0x4b, 0x73, 0x12, 0xde, 0x3d, 0x2a, 0x78, 0xf6, 0x46,
+            0x32, 0xbb, 0xe3, 0x73,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x28, 0x3f, 0x9a, 0xaf, 0xa9, 0xbc, 0xb3, 0xe6, 0xce, 0x17, 0xe6, 0x32, 0x12, 0x63,
+            0x4c, 0xb3, 0xee, 0x55, 0x0c, 0x47, 0x6b, 0x67, 0x6b, 0xd3, 0x56, 0xa6, 0xdf, 0x8a,
+            0xdf, 0x51, 0xd2, 0x5e,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0xdc, 0x4c, 0x67, 0xb1, 0x0d, 0x4b, 0x0a, 0x21, 0x8d, 0xc6, 0xe1, 0x48, 0x70, 0x66,
+            0x74, 0x0a, 0x40, 0x93, 0x17, 0x86, 0x6c, 0x32, 0xe6, 0x64, 0xb5, 0x0e, 0x39, 0x7a,
+            0xa8, 0x03, 0x89, 0xd4,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0x87, 0x16, 0xc8, 0x28, 0x80, 0xe1, 0x36, 0x83, 0xe1, 0xbb, 0x05, 0x9d, 0xd0, 0x6c,
+            0x80, 0xc9, 0x01, 0x34, 0xa9, 0x6d, 0x5a, 0xfc, 0xa8, 0xaa, 0xc2, 0xbb, 0xf6, 0x8b,
+            0xb0, 0x5f, 0x84, 0x02,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0xad, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x18, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x00, 0xe3, 0xa6, 0xa8, 0xb3,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x32, 0xcb, 0x28, 0x06, 0xb8, 0x82, 0xf1, 0x36, 0x8b, 0x0d, 0x4a, 0x89, 0x8f, 0x72,
+            0xc4, 0xc8, 0xf7, 0x28, 0x13, 0x2c, 0xc1, 0x24, 0x56, 0x94, 0x6e, 0x7f, 0x4c, 0xb0,
+            0xfb, 0x05, 0x8d, 0xa9,
+        ],
+        note_v: 11_803_618_549_661_680_832,
+        note_r: [
+            0x51, 0x65, 0xaf, 0xf2, 0x2d, 0xd4, 0xed, 0x56, 0xb4, 0xd8, 0x1d, 0x1f, 0x17, 0x1c,
+            0xc3, 0xd6, 0x43, 0x2f, 0xed, 0x1b, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0x0a, 0x7b, 0xea, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0xb1,
+            0x42, 0xf9, 0x4a, 0x0c,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xab, 0x7f, 0xc5, 0x66, 0x87, 0x3c, 0xcd, 0xe6, 0x71, 0xf5, 0x98, 0x27, 0x67, 0x85,
+            0x60, 0xa0, 0x06, 0xf8, 0x2b, 0xb7, 0xad, 0xcd, 0x75, 0x22, 0x3f, 0xa8, 0x59, 0x36,
+            0xf7, 0x8c, 0x2b, 0x23,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 1_051_032_776,
+        note_nf: [
+            0xd2, 0xe8, 0x87, 0xbd, 0x85, 0x4a, 0x80, 0x2b, 0xce, 0x85, 0x70, 0x53, 0x02, 0x0f,
+            0x5d, 0x3e, 0x7c, 0x8a, 0xe5, 0x26, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0x65, 0x83, 0xb3, 0xd2, 0x12, 0xcc,
+            0x8b, 0xb6, 0x98, 0x90,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08,
+            0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08,
+            0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0x03, 0x9d, 0xd9, 0x3d, 0xf3, 0x11, 0xff, 0x8f, 0xba, 0xb3, 0xfe, 0x23, 0x02, 0x19,
+            0xcd, 0x42, 0xac, 0x87, 0x94, 0x84, 0xf3, 0x0b, 0x90, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0x1e, 0x67, 0xcc,
+            0xca, 0x5a, 0x7b, 0x0d,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x04, 0x9f, 0xa1, 0x4f, 0x48, 0x6c, 0x75, 0xb9, 0xfa, 0xd7, 0xe3, 0xb6, 0x73, 0xa4,
+            0x43, 0xdd, 0x07, 0x4e, 0xaa, 0x96, 0xed, 0xcb, 0x2a, 0x53, 0xea, 0xaa, 0xbd, 0xaf,
+            0x70, 0xff, 0xbb, 0x08,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x14, 0x7d, 0xd1, 0x1d, 0x77, 0xeb, 0xa1, 0xb1, 0x63, 0x6f, 0xd6, 0x19, 0x0c, 0x62,
+            0xb9, 0xa5, 0xd0, 0x48, 0x1b, 0xee, 0x7e, 0x91, 0x7f, 0xab, 0x02, 0xe2, 0x18, 0x58,
+            0x06, 0x3a, 0xb5, 0x04,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x36, 0x40, 0x48, 0xee, 0xdb, 0xe8, 0xca, 0x20, 0x5e, 0xb7, 0xe7, 0xba, 0x0a, 0x90,
+            0x12, 0x16, 0x6c, 0x7c, 0x7b, 0xd9, 0xeb, 0x22, 0x8e, 0x08, 0x48, 0x14, 0x48, 0xc4,
+            0x88, 0xaa, 0x21, 0xd2,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0xed, 0x60, 0xaf, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0xdf, 0x38, 0x07, 0x0d, 0x38, 0x51, 0x43, 0x2a, 0x96,
+            0x48, 0x0d, 0xb0, 0xb4, 0x17, 0xc3, 0x68, 0x2a, 0x1d, 0x68, 0xe3, 0xe8, 0x93, 0x34,
+            0x23, 0x5c, 0x0b, 0xdf,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0x99, 0xc9, 0xb4, 0xb8, 0x4f, 0x4b, 0x4e, 0x35, 0x0f, 0x78, 0x7d, 0x1c, 0xf7, 0x05,
+            0x1d, 0x50, 0xec, 0xc3, 0x4b, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x20, 0xd2, 0xd2, 0x13, 0x9b, 0x4a, 0xf1,
+            0xf1, 0x60, 0xe0, 0x01,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0x21, 0xc9, 0x0e, 0x1c, 0x65, 0x8b, 0x3e, 0xfe, 0x86, 0xaf, 0x58,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0x9e, 0x64, 0x17, 0x4b, 0x4a, 0xb9, 0x81, 0x40, 0x5c, 0x32, 0x3b, 0x5e, 0x12, 0x47,
+            0x59, 0x45, 0xa4, 0x6d, 0x4f, 0xed, 0xf8, 0x06, 0x08, 0x28, 0x04, 0x1c, 0xd2, 0x0e,
+            0x62, 0xfd, 0x2c, 0xef,
+        ],
+        note_v: 5_584_102_310_880_684_544,
+        note_r: [
+            0x8c, 0x3e, 0x56, 0x44, 0x9d, 0xc8, 0x63, 0x54, 0xd3, 0x3b, 0x02, 0x5e, 0xf2, 0x79,
+            0x34, 0x60, 0xbc, 0xb1, 0x69, 0xf3, 0x32, 0x4e, 0x4a, 0x6b, 0x64, 0xba, 0xa6, 0x08,
+            0x32, 0x31, 0x57, 0x04,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0x7b, 0x48, 0xa8, 0x37, 0x5d, 0x3e, 0xbd, 0x56, 0xbc, 0x64, 0x9b, 0xb5, 0xb5, 0x24,
+            0x23, 0x36, 0xc2, 0xa0, 0x5a, 0x08, 0x03, 0x23, 0x9b, 0x5b, 0x88, 0xfd, 0x92, 0x07,
+            0x8f, 0xea, 0x4d, 0x04,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 1_814_747_072,
+        note_nf: [
+            0xa8, 0x2f, 0x17, 0x50, 0xcc, 0x5b, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x64, 0x9a, 0x36, 0x5c, 0x04, 0x20,
+            0xed, 0x87, 0x07, 0x5b, 0x88, 0x71, 0xfd, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xf5, 0x84, 0x0d, 0x6b, 0xbe,
+            0xb1, 0x7c, 0xd6, 0x20,
+        ],
+    },
+    TestVector {
+        sk: [
+            0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09,
+            0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09,
+            0x09, 0x09, 0x09, 0x09,
+        ],
+        ask: [
+            0xeb, 0xbb, 0x40, 0xa9, 0x80, 0xba, 0x3b, 0x88, 0x60, 0x94, 0x8d, 0x01, 0x1e, 0x1b,
+            0xfb, 0x4a, 0xff, 0xe1, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x90, 0xe9, 0x82, 0x58, 0x30, 0x2f, 0x44,
+            0x64, 0xc9, 0x1e, 0x0c,
+        ],
+        nsk: [
+            0x68, 0x43, 0x1b, 0x19, 0x91, 0x04, 0x21, 0x52, 0x00, 0xb9, 0x5e, 0xe5, 0xcb, 0x71,
+            0xbf, 0x8b, 0x88, 0x3a, 0x3e, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x98, 0x9c, 0xad, 0x19, 0x70, 0x63, 0x14,
+            0x1e, 0xbb, 0xfd, 0x00,
+        ],
+        ovk: [
+            0x57, 0x34, 0x67, 0xa7, 0xb3, 0x0e, 0xad, 0x6c, 0xcc, 0x50, 0x47, 0x44, 0xca, 0x9e,
+            0x1a, 0x28, 0x1a, 0x0d, 0x1a, 0x08, 0x73, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xa0, 0x68, 0x4f, 0xea, 0xcd,
+            0x1e, 0x9d, 0x12, 0x6d,
+        ],
+        ak: [
+            0x71, 0xc3, 0x52, 0x3e, 0xec, 0xa3, 0x53, 0x11, 0xfb, 0xd5, 0xd7, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0x0b,
+            0x70, 0x9d, 0x6c, 0x35, 0xa2, 0x4f, 0x26, 0x2b, 0x34, 0xbf, 0x64, 0x05, 0x9b, 0xf2,
+            0xc0, 0x2e, 0x0b, 0xa8,
+        ],
+        nk: [
+            0x62, 0x44, 0x00, 0x10, 0x3b, 0x65, 0x69, 0xb7, 0x35, 0x8f, 0xe8, 0x0f, 0x6f, 0x6c,
+            0xad, 0x43, 0x25, 0xde, 0xfd, 0xa9, 0xd9, 0x49, 0x9c, 0x2b, 0x8f, 0x88, 0x6a, 0x62,
+            0x69, 0xa2, 0xaa, 0x52,
+        ],
+        ivk: [
+            0xdb, 0x95, 0xea, 0x8b, 0xd9, 0xf9, 0x3d, 0x41, 0xb5, 0xab, 0x2b, 0xeb, 0xc9, 0x1a,
+            0x38, 0xed, 0xd5, 0x27, 0x08, 0x3e, 0x2a, 0x6e, 0xf9, 0xf3, 0xc2, 0x97, 0x02, 0xd5,
+            0xff, 0x89, 0xed, 0x00,
+        ],
+        default_d: [
+            0x23, 0x3c, 0x4a, 0xb8, 0x86, 0xa5, 0x5e, 0x3b, 0xa3, 0x74, 0xc0,
+        ],
+        default_pk_d: [
+            0xb6, 0x8e, 0x9e, 0xe0, 0xc0, 0x67, 0x8d, 0x7b, 0x30, 0x36, 0x93, 0x1c, 0x83, 0x1a,
+            0x25, 0x25, 0x5f, 0x7e, 0xe4, 0x87, 0x38, 0x5a, 0x30, 0x31, 0x6e, 0x15, 0xf6, 0x48,
+            0x2b, 0x87, 0x4f, 0xda,
+        ],
+        note_v: 17_811_330_145_809_239_872,
+        note_r: [
+            0x6e, 0xbb, 0xed, 0x74, 0x36, 0x19, 0xa2, 0x56, 0xf9, 0xad, 0x2e, 0x85, 0x88, 0x0c,
+            0xfa, 0xa9, 0x09, 0x8a, 0x5f, 0xdb, 0x16, 0x29, 0x99, 0x0d, 0x9a, 0x7d, 0x3b, 0xb9,
+            0x3f, 0xc9, 0x00, 0x03,
+        ],
+        note_cmu: [
+            0xd3, 0x76, 0xa7, 0xbe, 0xe8, 0xce, 0x67, 0xf4, 0xef, 0xde, 0x56, 0xaa, 0x77, 0xcf,
+            0x64, 0x41, 0x9b, 0x0e, 0x55, 0x0a, 0xbb, 0xcb, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0xcb, 0xda, 0x8b, 0x63,
+            0xe4, 0x1d, 0xeb, 0x37,
+        ],
+        note_pos: 2_578_461_368,
+        note_nf: [
+            0x65, 0x36, 0x74, 0x87, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x67, 0x0c, 0x58, 0x85, 0x84, 0x73, 0xe7, 0xfe,
+            0x72, 0x19, 0x72, 0xfb, 0x96, 0xe2, 0x15, 0xb8, 0x73, 0x77, 0xa1, 0x7c, 0xa3, 0x71,
+            0x0d, 0x93, 0xc9, 0xe9,
+        ],
+    },
+];
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys/tests.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/keys/tests.rs
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#![allow(clippy::module_inception)]
+use super::*;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl Arbitrary for TransmissionKey {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (any::<SpendingKey>())
+            .prop_map(|spending_key| {
+                let spend_authorizing_key = SpendAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+                let proof_authorizing_key = ProofAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+
+                let authorizing_key = AuthorizingKey::from(spend_authorizing_key);
+                let nullifier_deriving_key = NullifierDerivingKey::from(proof_authorizing_key);
+
+                let incoming_viewing_key =
+                    IncomingViewingKey::from((authorizing_key, nullifier_deriving_key));
+
+                let diversifier = Diversifier::from(spending_key);
+
+                Self::from((incoming_viewing_key, diversifier))
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn derive_for_each_test_vector() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        for test_vector in test_vectors::TEST_VECTORS.iter() {
+            let spending_key = SpendingKey::from(test_vector.sk);
+
+            let spend_authorizing_key = SpendAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+            assert_eq!(spend_authorizing_key, test_vector.ask);
+            let proof_authorizing_key = ProofAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+            assert_eq!(proof_authorizing_key, test_vector.nsk);
+            let outgoing_viewing_key = OutgoingViewingKey::from(spending_key);
+            assert_eq!(outgoing_viewing_key, test_vector.ovk);
+
+            let authorizing_key = AuthorizingKey::from(spend_authorizing_key);
+            assert_eq!(authorizing_key, test_vector.ak);
+            let nullifier_deriving_key = NullifierDerivingKey::from(proof_authorizing_key);
+            assert_eq!(nullifier_deriving_key, test_vector.nk);
+            let incoming_viewing_key =
+                IncomingViewingKey::from((authorizing_key, nullifier_deriving_key));
+            assert_eq!(incoming_viewing_key, test_vector.ivk);
+
+            let diversifier = Diversifier::from(spending_key);
+            assert_eq!(diversifier, test_vector.default_d);
+
+            let transmission_key = TransmissionKey::from((incoming_viewing_key, diversifier));
+            assert_eq!(transmission_key, test_vector.default_pk_d);
+
+            let _full_viewing_key = FullViewingKey {
+                network: Network::default(),
+                authorizing_key,
+                nullifier_deriving_key,
+                outgoing_viewing_key,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+proptest! {
+
+    #[test]
+    fn string_roundtrips(spending_key in any::<SpendingKey>()) {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let sk_string = spending_key.to_string();
+        let spending_key_2: SpendingKey = sk_string.parse().unwrap();
+        prop_assert_eq![spending_key, spending_key_2];
+
+        let spend_authorizing_key = SpendAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+        let proof_authorizing_key = ProofAuthorizingKey::from(spending_key);
+        let outgoing_viewing_key = OutgoingViewingKey::from(spending_key);
+
+        let authorizing_key = AuthorizingKey::from(spend_authorizing_key);
+        let nullifier_deriving_key = NullifierDerivingKey::from(proof_authorizing_key);
+        let mut incoming_viewing_key =
+            IncomingViewingKey::from((authorizing_key, nullifier_deriving_key));
+        incoming_viewing_key.network = spending_key.network;
+
+        let ivk_string = incoming_viewing_key.to_string();
+        let incoming_viewing_key_2: IncomingViewingKey = ivk_string.parse().unwrap();
+        prop_assert_eq![incoming_viewing_key, incoming_viewing_key_2];
+
+        let full_viewing_key = FullViewingKey {
+            network: spending_key.network,
+            authorizing_key,
+            nullifier_deriving_key,
+            outgoing_viewing_key,
+        };
+
+        let fvk_string = full_viewing_key.to_string();
+        let full_viewing_key_2: FullViewingKey = fvk_string.parse().unwrap();
+        prop_assert_eq![full_viewing_key, full_viewing_key_2];
+
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note.rs
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+//! Sapling notes
+
+#![allow(clippy::unit_arg)]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+mod ciphertexts;
+mod nullifiers;
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"))]
+mod arbitrary;
+
+use crate::{
+    amount::{Amount, NonNegative},
+    transaction::Memo,
+};
+
+use super::{
+    commitment::CommitmentRandomness,
+    keys::{Diversifier, TransmissionKey},
+};
+
+pub use ciphertexts::{EncryptedNote, WrappedNoteKey};
+
+pub use nullifiers::Nullifier;
+
+/// A Note represents that a value is spendable by the recipient who
+/// holds the spending key corresponding to a given shielded payment
+/// address.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Note {
+    /// The diversifer of the recipient’s shielded payment address.
+    pub diversifier: Diversifier,
+    /// The diversified transmission key of the recipient’s shielded
+    /// payment address.
+    pub transmission_key: TransmissionKey,
+    /// An integer representing the value of the note in zatoshi.
+    pub value: Amount<NonNegative>,
+    /// A random commitment trapdoor used to produce the associated
+    /// note commitment.
+    pub rcm: CommitmentRandomness,
+    /// The note memo, after decryption
+    pub memo: Memo,
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/arbitrary.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/arbitrary.rs
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use proptest::{arbitrary::any, collection::vec, prelude::*};
+
+use super::*;
+
+impl Arbitrary for EncryptedNote {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (vec(any::<u8>(), 580))
+            .prop_map(|v| {
+                let mut bytes = [0; 580];
+                bytes.copy_from_slice(v.as_slice());
+                Self(bytes)
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
+
+impl Arbitrary for WrappedNoteKey {
+    type Parameters = ();
+
+    fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+        (vec(any::<u8>(), 80))
+            .prop_map(|v| {
+                let mut bytes = [0; 80];
+                bytes.copy_from_slice(v.as_slice());
+                Self(bytes)
+            })
+            .boxed()
+    }
+
+    type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/ciphertexts.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/ciphertexts.rs
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+use std::{fmt, io};
+
+use crate::serialization::{serde_helpers, SerializationError, ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize};
+
+/// A ciphertext component for encrypted output notes.
+///
+/// Corresponds to the Orcahrd 'encCiphertext's
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct EncryptedNote(#[serde(with = "serde_helpers::BigArray")] pub [u8; 580]);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for EncryptedNote {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("EncryptedNote")
+            .field(&hex::encode(&self.0[..]))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// These impls all only exist because of array length restrictions.
+
+impl Copy for EncryptedNote {}
+
+impl Clone for EncryptedNote {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 580];
+        bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&self.0[..]);
+        Self(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for EncryptedNote {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.0[..] == other.0[..]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for EncryptedNote {}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for EncryptedNote {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        writer.write_all(&self.0[..])?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for EncryptedNote {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 580];
+        reader.read_exact(&mut bytes[..])?;
+        Ok(Self(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A ciphertext component for encrypted output notes.
+///
+/// Corresponds to Orcahrd's 'outCiphertext'
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct WrappedNoteKey(#[serde(with = "serde_helpers::BigArray")] pub [u8; 80]);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for WrappedNoteKey {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("WrappedNoteKey")
+            .field(&hex::encode(&self.0[..]))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// These impls all only exist because of array length restrictions.
+
+impl Copy for WrappedNoteKey {}
+
+impl Clone for WrappedNoteKey {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 80];
+        bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&self.0[..]);
+        Self(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for WrappedNoteKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.0[..] == other.0[..]
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for WrappedNoteKey {}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for WrappedNoteKey {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        writer.write_all(&self.0[..])?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for WrappedNoteKey {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        let mut bytes = [0; 80];
+        reader.read_exact(&mut bytes[..])?;
+        Ok(Self(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+#[cfg(test)]
+proptest! {
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encrypted_ciphertext_roundtrip(ec in any::<EncryptedNote>()) {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let mut data = Vec::new();
+
+        ec.zcash_serialize(&mut data).expect("EncryptedNote should serialize");
+
+        let ec2 = EncryptedNote::zcash_deserialize(&data[..]).expect("randomized EncryptedNote should deserialize");
+
+        prop_assert_eq![ec, ec2];
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn out_ciphertext_roundtrip(oc in any::<WrappedNoteKey>()) {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        let mut data = Vec::new();
+
+        oc.zcash_serialize(&mut data).expect("WrappedNoteKey should serialize");
+
+        let oc2 = WrappedNoteKey::zcash_deserialize(&data[..]).expect("randomized WrappedNoteKey should deserialize");
+
+        prop_assert_eq![oc, oc2];
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/nullifiers.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/note/nullifiers.rs
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#![allow(clippy::unit_arg)]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use super::super::{
+    commitment::{pedersen_hashes::mixing_pedersen_hash, NoteCommitment},
+    keys::NullifierDerivingKey,
+    tree::Position,
+};
+
+/// Invokes Blake2s-256 as PRF^nfSapling to derive the nullifier for a
+/// Sapling note.
+///
+/// PRF^nfSapling(ρ*) := BLAKE2s-256("Zcash_nf", nk* || ρ*)
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concreteprfs
+fn prf_nf(nk: [u8; 32], rho: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let hash = blake2s_simd::Params::new()
+        .hash_length(32)
+        .personal(b"Zcash_nf")
+        .to_state()
+        .update(&nk[..])
+        .update(&rho[..])
+        .finalize();
+
+    *hash.as_array()
+}
+
+/// A Nullifier for Sapling transactions
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"),
+    derive(proptest_derive::Arbitrary)
+)]
+pub struct Nullifier(pub [u8; 32]);
+
+impl From<[u8; 32]> for Nullifier {
+    fn from(buf: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<(NoteCommitment, Position, &'a NullifierDerivingKey)> for Nullifier {
+    fn from((cm, pos, nk): (NoteCommitment, Position, &'a NullifierDerivingKey)) -> Self {
+        let rho = jubjub::AffinePoint::from(mixing_pedersen_hash(cm.0.into(), pos.0.into()));
+
+        Nullifier(prf_nf(nk.into(), rho.to_bytes()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Nullifier> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(n: Nullifier) -> Self {
+        n.0
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/tests.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/tests.rs
@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
--- a/zebra-chain/src/orchard/tree.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/orchard/tree.rs
@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+//! Note Commitment Trees.
+//!
+//! A note commitment tree is an incremental Merkle tree of fixed depth
+//! used to store note commitments that JoinSplit transfers or Spend
+//! transfers produce. Just as the unspent transaction output set (UTXO
+//! set) used in Bitcoin, it is used to express the existence of value and
+//! the capability to spend it. However, unlike the UTXO set, it is not
+//! the job of this tree to protect against double-spending, as it is
+//! append-only.
+//!
+//! A root of a note commitment tree is associated with each treestate.
+
+#![allow(clippy::unit_arg)]
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use std::{collections::VecDeque, fmt};
+
+use bitvec::prelude::*;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"))]
+use proptest_derive::Arbitrary;
+
+use super::commitment::{pedersen_hashes::pedersen_hash, NoteCommitment};
+
+const MERKLE_DEPTH: usize = 32;
+
+/// MerkleCRH^Sapling Hash Function
+///
+/// Used to hash incremental Merkle tree hash values for Sapling.
+///
+/// MerkleCRH^Sapling(layer, left, right) := PedersenHash(“Zcash_PH”, l || left || right)
+/// where l = I2LEBSP_6(MerkleDepth^Sapling − 1 − layer) and
+/// left, right, and the output are all technically 255 bits (l_MerkleSapling), not 256.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#merklecrh
+fn merkle_crh_sapling(layer: u8, left: [u8; 32], right: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let mut s = bitvec![Lsb0, u8;];
+
+    // Prefix: l = I2LEBSP_6(MerkleDepth^Sapling − 1 − layer)
+    s.extend_from_slice(&layer.bits::<Lsb0>()[0..6]);
+    s.extend_from_slice(&left.bits::<Lsb0>()[0..255]);
+    s.extend_from_slice(&right.bits::<Lsb0>()[0..255]);
+
+    pedersen_hash(*b"Zcash_PH", &s).to_bytes()
+}
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// Sapling note commitment trees have a max depth of 32.
+    ///
+    /// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#constants
+    static ref EMPTY_ROOTS: Vec<[u8; 32]> = {
+        // Uncommitted^Sapling = I2LEBSP_l_MerkleSapling(1)
+        let mut v = vec![jubjub::Fq::one().to_bytes()];
+
+        for d in 0..MERKLE_DEPTH {
+            let next = merkle_crh_sapling(d as u8, v[d], v[d]);
+            v.push(next);
+        }
+
+        v
+
+    };
+}
+
+/// The index of a note’s commitment at the leafmost layer of its Note
+/// Commitment Tree.
+///
+/// https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#merkletree
+pub struct Position(pub(crate) u64);
+
+/// Sapling note commitment tree root node hash.
+///
+/// The root hash in LEBS2OSP256(rt) encoding of the Sapling note
+/// commitment tree corresponding to the final Sapling treestate of
+/// this block. A root of a note commitment tree is associated with
+/// each treestate.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"), derive(Arbitrary))]
+pub struct Root(pub [u8; 32]);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Root {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Root").field(&hex::encode(&self.0)).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sapling Note Commitment Tree
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
+struct NoteCommitmentTree {
+    /// The root node of the tree (often used as an anchor).
+    root: Root,
+    /// The height of the tree (maximum height for Sapling is 32).
+    height: u8,
+    /// The number of leaves (note commitments) in this tree.
+    count: u32,
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<NoteCommitment>> for NoteCommitmentTree {
+    fn from(_values: Vec<NoteCommitment>) -> Self {
+        unimplemented!();
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<jubjub::Fq>> for NoteCommitmentTree {
+    fn from(values: Vec<jubjub::Fq>) -> Self {
+        if values.is_empty() {
+            return NoteCommitmentTree {
+                root: Root::default(),
+                height: 0,
+                count: 0,
+            };
+        }
+
+        let count = values.len() as u32;
+        let mut height = 0u8;
+        let mut current_layer: VecDeque<[u8; 32]> =
+            values.into_iter().map(|cm_u| cm_u.to_bytes()).collect();
+
+        while usize::from(height) < MERKLE_DEPTH {
+            let mut next_layer_up = vec![];
+
+            while !current_layer.is_empty() {
+                let left = current_layer.pop_front().unwrap();
+                let right;
+                if current_layer.is_empty() {
+                    right = EMPTY_ROOTS[height as usize];
+                } else {
+                    right = current_layer.pop_front().unwrap();
+                }
+                next_layer_up.push(merkle_crh_sapling(height, left, right));
+            }
+
+            height += 1;
+            current_layer = next_layer_up.into();
+        }
+
+        assert!(current_layer.len() == 1);
+
+        NoteCommitmentTree {
+            root: Root(current_layer.pop_front().unwrap()),
+            height,
+            count,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NoteCommitmentTree {
+    /// Get the Jubjub-based Pedersen hash of root node of this merkle tree of
+    /// commitment notes.
+    pub fn hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.root.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    use hex::FromHex;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_roots() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/librustzcash/blob/master/zcash_primitives/src/merkle_tree.rs#L512
+        const HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS: [&str; 33] = [
+            "0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "817de36ab2d57feb077634bca77819c8e0bd298c04f6fed0e6a83cc1356ca155",
+            "ffe9fc03f18b176c998806439ff0bb8ad193afdb27b2ccbc88856916dd804e34",
+            "d8283386ef2ef07ebdbb4383c12a739a953a4d6e0d6fb1139a4036d693bfbb6c",
+            "e110de65c907b9dea4ae0bd83a4b0a51bea175646a64c12b4c9f931b2cb31b49",
+            "912d82b2c2bca231f71efcf61737fbf0a08befa0416215aeef53e8bb6d23390a",
+            "8ac9cf9c391e3fd42891d27238a81a8a5c1d3a72b1bcbea8cf44a58ce7389613",
+            "d6c639ac24b46bd19341c91b13fdcab31581ddaf7f1411336a271f3d0aa52813",
+            "7b99abdc3730991cc9274727d7d82d28cb794edbc7034b4f0053ff7c4b680444",
+            "43ff5457f13b926b61df552d4e402ee6dc1463f99a535f9a713439264d5b616b",
+            "ba49b659fbd0b7334211ea6a9d9df185c757e70aa81da562fb912b84f49bce72",
+            "4777c8776a3b1e69b73a62fa701fa4f7a6282d9aee2c7a6b82e7937d7081c23c",
+            "ec677114c27206f5debc1c1ed66f95e2b1885da5b7be3d736b1de98579473048",
+            "1b77dac4d24fb7258c3c528704c59430b630718bec486421837021cf75dab651",
+            "bd74b25aacb92378a871bf27d225cfc26baca344a1ea35fdd94510f3d157082c",
+            "d6acdedf95f608e09fa53fb43dcd0990475726c5131210c9e5caeab97f0e642f",
+            "1ea6675f9551eeb9dfaaa9247bc9858270d3d3a4c5afa7177a984d5ed1be2451",
+            "6edb16d01907b759977d7650dad7e3ec049af1a3d875380b697c862c9ec5d51c",
+            "cd1c8dbf6e3acc7a80439bc4962cf25b9dce7c896f3a5bd70803fc5a0e33cf00",
+            "6aca8448d8263e547d5ff2950e2ed3839e998d31cbc6ac9fd57bc6002b159216",
+            "8d5fa43e5a10d11605ac7430ba1f5d81fb1b68d29a640405767749e841527673",
+            "08eeab0c13abd6069e6310197bf80f9c1ea6de78fd19cbae24d4a520e6cf3023",
+            "0769557bc682b1bf308646fd0b22e648e8b9e98f57e29f5af40f6edb833e2c49",
+            "4c6937d78f42685f84b43ad3b7b00f81285662f85c6a68ef11d62ad1a3ee0850",
+            "fee0e52802cb0c46b1eb4d376c62697f4759f6c8917fa352571202fd778fd712",
+            "16d6252968971a83da8521d65382e61f0176646d771c91528e3276ee45383e4a",
+            "d2e1642c9a462229289e5b0e3b7f9008e0301cbb93385ee0e21da2545073cb58",
+            "a5122c08ff9c161d9ca6fc462073396c7d7d38e8ee48cdb3bea7e2230134ed6a",
+            "28e7b841dcbc47cceb69d7cb8d94245fb7cb2ba3a7a6bc18f13f945f7dbd6e2a",
+            "e1f34b034d4a3cd28557e2907ebf990c918f64ecb50a94f01d6fda5ca5c7ef72",
+            "12935f14b676509b81eb49ef25f39269ed72309238b4c145803544b646dca62d",
+            "b2eed031d4d6a4f02a097f80b54cc1541d4163c6b6f5971f88b6e41d35c53814",
+            "fbc2f4300c01f0b7820d00e3347c8da4ee614674376cbc45359daa54f9b5493e",
+        ];
+
+        for i in 0..EMPTY_ROOTS.len() {
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(EMPTY_ROOTS[i]), HEX_EMPTY_ROOTS[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn incremental_roots() {
+        zebra_test::init();
+        // From https://github.com/zcash/zcash/blob/master/src/test/data/merkle_commitments_sapling.json
+        // Byte-reversed from those ones because the original test vectors are loaded using uint256S()
+        let commitments = [
+            "b02310f2e087e55bfd07ef5e242e3b87ee5d00c9ab52f61e6bd42542f93a6f55",
+            "225747f3b5d5dab4e5a424f81f85c904ff43286e0f3fd07ef0b8c6a627b11458",
+            "7c3ea01a6e3a3d90cf59cd789e467044b5cd78eb2c84cc6816f960746d0e036c",
+            "50421d6c2c94571dfaaa135a4ff15bf916681ebd62c0e43e69e3b90684d0a030",
+            "aaec63863aaa0b2e3b8009429bdddd455e59be6f40ccab887a32eb98723efc12",
+            "f76748d40d5ee5f9a608512e7954dd515f86e8f6d009141c89163de1cf351a02",
+            "bc8a5ec71647415c380203b681f7717366f3501661512225b6dc3e121efc0b2e",
+            "da1adda2ccde9381e11151686c121e7f52d19a990439161c7eb5a9f94be5a511",
+            "3a27fed5dbbc475d3880360e38638c882fd9b273b618fc433106896083f77446",
+            "c7ca8f7df8fd997931d33985d935ee2d696856cc09cc516d419ea6365f163008",
+            "f0fa37e8063b139d342246142fc48e7c0c50d0a62c97768589e06466742c3702",
+            "e6d4d7685894d01b32f7e081ab188930be6c2b9f76d6847b7f382e3dddd7c608",
+            "8cebb73be883466d18d3b0c06990520e80b936440a2c9fd184d92a1f06c4e826",
+            "22fab8bcdb88154dbf5877ad1e2d7f1b541bc8a5ec1b52266095381339c27c03",
+            "f43e3aac61e5a753062d4d0508c26ceaf5e4c0c58ba3c956e104b5d2cf67c41c",
+            "3a3661bc12b72646c94bc6c92796e81953985ee62d80a9ec3645a9a95740ac15",
+        ];
+
+        // Calculated by modifying TestCommitmentTree in
+        // https://github.com/zcash/librustzcash/blob/master/zcash_primitives/src/merkle_tree.rs
+        // to compute the full Sapling height root (32).
+        let roots = [
+            "ee880ed73e96ba0739578c87ba8e6a4bc33b5e63bb98875e6e2f04b214e9fb59",
+            "321aef631f1a9b7914d40d7bab34c29145ac6cf69d24bf0fc566b33ac9029972",
+            "ddaa1ab86de5c153993414f34ba97e9674c459dfadde112b89eeeafa0e5a204c",
+            "0b337c75535b09468955d499e37cb7e2466f1f0c861ddea929aa13c699c1a454",
+            "5a9b9764d76a45848012eec306d6f6bface319ad5d9bf88db96b3b19edded716",
+            "004075c72e360d7b2ab113555e97dcf4fb50f211d74841eafb05aaff705e3235",
+            "ebf2139c2ef10d51f21fee18521963b91b64987f2743d908be2b80b4ae29e622",
+            "70d07f5662eafaf054327899abce515b1c1cbac6600edea86297c2800e806534",
+            "f72dad9cd0f4d4783444f6dc64d9be2edc74cffddcb60bf244e56eada508c22a",
+            "7635d357c7755c91ea4d6b53e8fd42756329118577fe8b9ade3d33b316fa4948",
+            "fca0c26ce07fc7e563b031d9187f829fa41715f193f08bd0ac25e5122ac75c2e",
+            "0b727c9c6f66c3c749ef9c1df6c5356db8adf80fcc3c1d7fdf56b82cb8d47a3c",
+            "d77d030ed3c2521567eae9555b95eca89442b0c263b82fea4359f802e0f31668",
+            "3d84c8b65e5a8036d115161bb6e3ca2a556e42d376abc3d74a16bc22685b7d61",
+            "84f752458538a24483e9731e32fa95cabf56aebbbc6bff8475f45299bcdcba35",
+            "bb3cc8f85773c05f3332a25cc8281a68450a90807cef859b49b2f1d9d2d3a64d",
+        ];
+
+        let mut leaves = vec![];
+
+        for (i, cm_u) in commitments.iter().enumerate() {
+            let bytes = <[u8; 32]>::from_hex(cm_u).unwrap();
+
+            leaves.push(jubjub::Fq::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap());
+
+            let tree = NoteCommitmentTree::from(leaves.clone());
+
+            assert_eq!(hex::encode(tree.hash()), roots[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives.rs
@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 //! whose functionality is implemented elsewhere.

 mod proofs;
+// TODO: re-export redpallas if needed, or reddsa if that gets merged.
+pub mod redpallas;

 pub use ed25519_zebra as ed25519;
 pub use redjubjub;
 pub use x25519_dalek as x25519;

-pub use proofs::{Bctv14Proof, Groth16Proof, ZkSnarkProof};
+pub use proofs::{Bctv14Proof, Groth16Proof, Halo2Proof, ZkSnarkProof};
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives/proofs.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives/proofs.rs
@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ use crate::serialization::{ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize};

 mod bctv14;
 mod groth16;
+mod halo2;

-pub use bctv14::Bctv14Proof;
-pub use groth16::Groth16Proof;
+pub use self::bctv14::Bctv14Proof;
+pub use self::groth16::Groth16Proof;
+pub use self::halo2::Halo2Proof;

-/// A marker trait used to abstract over BCTV14 or Groth16 proofs.
+/// A marker trait used to abstract over BCTV14, Groth16, or Halo2 proofs.
 pub trait ZkSnarkProof:
    Copy
    + Clone
@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ pub trait ZkSnarkProof:
 }
 impl ZkSnarkProof for Bctv14Proof {}
 impl ZkSnarkProof for Groth16Proof {}
+impl ZkSnarkProof for Halo2Proof {}

 mod private {
    use super::*;
@ -35,4 +38,5 @@ mod private {
    pub trait Sealed {}
    impl Sealed for Bctv14Proof {}
    impl Sealed for Groth16Proof {}
+    impl Sealed for Halo2Proof {}
 }
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives/proofs/halo2.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives/proofs/halo2.rs
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{fmt, io};
+
+use crate::serialization::{serde_helpers, SerializationError, ZcashDeserialize, ZcashSerialize};
+
+/// An encoding of a Halo2 proof, as used in [Zcash][halo2].
+///
+/// Halo2 proofs in Zcash Orchard do not have a fixed size, hence the newtype
+/// around a vector of bytes.
+///
+/// [halo2]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#halo2
+#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Halo2Proof(pub Vec<u8>);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Halo2Proof {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Halo2Proof")
+            .field(&hex::encode(&self.0[..]))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+// These impls all only exist because of array length restrictions.
+
+// impl Copy for Halo2Proof {}
+
+// impl Clone for Halo2Proof {
+//     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+//         let mut bytes = [0; 192];
+//         bytes[..].copy_from_slice(&self.0[..]);
+//         Self(bytes)
+//     }
+// }
+
+// impl PartialEq for Halo2Proof {
+//     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+//         self.0[..] == other.0[..]
+//     }
+// }
+
+// impl Eq for Halo2Proof {}
+
+impl ZcashSerialize for Halo2Proof {
+    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {
+        writer.write_all(&self.0[..])?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZcashDeserialize for Halo2Proof {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        reader.read_to_end(&mut bytes)?;
+
+        Ok(Self(bytes))
+    }
+}
+// TODO: figure how a Halo2Proof Strategy for generating proofs for proptesting.
+// #[cfg(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"))]
+// use proptest::{arbitrary::Arbitrary, collection::vec, prelude::*};
+//
+// #[cfg(any(test, feature = "proptest-impl"))]
+// impl Arbitrary for Halo2Proof {
+//     type Parameters = ();
+
+//     fn arbitrary_with(_args: Self::Parameters) -> Self::Strategy {
+//         (vec(any::<u8>(), 192))
+//             .prop_map(|v| {
+//                 let mut bytes = [0; 192];
+//                 bytes.copy_from_slice(v.as_slice());
+//                 Self(bytes)
+//             })
+//             .boxed()
+//     }
+
+//     type Strategy = BoxedStrategy<Self>;
+// }
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas.rs
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Extracted from redjubjub for now.
+
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
+
+// pub mod batch;
+mod constants;
+// mod error;
+// pub mod frost;
+// mod hash;
+// mod scalar_mul;
+// mod signature;
+// mod signing_key;
+mod verification_key;
+
+pub use verification_key::{VerificationKey, VerificationKeyBytes};
+
+/// Abstracts over different RedPallas parameter choices, [`Binding`]
+/// and [`SpendAuth`].
+///
+/// As described [at the end of §5.4.6][concretereddsa] of the Zcash
+/// protocol specification, the generator used in RedPallas is left as
+/// an unspecified parameter, chosen differently for each of
+/// `BindingSig` and `SpendAuthSig`.
+///
+/// To handle this, we encode the parameter choice as a genuine type
+/// parameter.
+///
+/// [concretereddsa]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/protocol.pdf#concretereddsa
+pub trait SigType: private::Sealed {}
+
+/// A type variable corresponding to Zcash's `BindingSig`.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum Binding {}
+impl SigType for Binding {}
+
+/// A type variable corresponding to Zcash's `SpendAuthSig`.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum SpendAuth {}
+impl SigType for SpendAuth {}
+
+mod private {
+    use super::*;
+    pub trait Sealed: Copy + Clone + Eq + PartialEq + std::fmt::Debug {
+        fn basepoint() -> pallas::Point;
+    }
+    impl Sealed for Binding {
+        fn basepoint() -> pallas::Point {
+            pallas::Point::from_bytes(constants::BINDINGSIG_BASEPOINT_BYTES).unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+    impl Sealed for SpendAuth {
+        fn basepoint() -> pallas::Point {
+            pallas::Point::from_bytes(constants::SPENDAUTHSIG_BASEPOINT_BYTES).unwrap()
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas/constants.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas/constants.rs
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// -*- mode: rust; -*-
+//
+// This file is part of redjubjub.
+// Copyright (c) 2019-2021 Zcash Foundation
+// See LICENSE for licensing information.
+//
+// Authors:
+// - Deirdre Connolly <deirdre@zfnd.org>
+
+/// The byte-encoding of the basepoint for `SpendAuthSig` on the [Pallas curve][pallasandvesta].
+///
+/// [pallasandvesta]: https://zips.z.cash/protocol/nu5.pdf#pallasandvesta
+pub const SPENDAUTHSIG_BASEPOINT_BYTES: [u8; 32] = [
+    215, 148, 162, 4, 167, 65, 231, 17, 216, 7, 4, 206, 68, 161, 32, 20, 67, 192, 174, 143, 131,
+    35, 240, 117, 113, 113, 7, 198, 56, 190, 133, 53,
+];
+
+/// The byte-encoding of the basepoint for `BindingSig` on the Pallas curve.
+pub const BINDINGSIG_BASEPOINT_BYTES: [u8; 32] = [
+    48, 181, 242, 170, 173, 50, 86, 48, 188, 221, 219, 206, 77, 103, 101, 109, 5, 253, 28, 194,
+    208, 55, 187, 83, 117, 182, 233, 109, 158, 1, 161, 215,
+];
--- a/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas/verification_key.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/primitives/redpallas/verification_key.rs
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+use std::{
+    convert::TryFrom,
+    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
+    marker::PhantomData,
+};
+
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
+
+use super::{Error, SigType, Signature, SpendAuth};
+
+/// A refinement type for `[u8; 32]` indicating that the bytes represent
+/// an encoding of a RedPallas verification key.
+///
+/// This is useful for representing a compressed verification key; the
+/// [`VerificationKey`] type in this library holds other decompressed state
+/// used in signature verification.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+pub struct VerificationKeyBytes<T: SigType> {
+    pub(crate) bytes: [u8; 32],
+    pub(crate) _marker: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> From<[u8; 32]> for VerificationKeyBytes<T> {
+    fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> VerificationKeyBytes<T> {
+        VerificationKeyBytes {
+            bytes,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> From<VerificationKeyBytes<T>> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(refined: VerificationKeyBytes<T>) -> [u8; 32] {
+        refined.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> Hash for VerificationKeyBytes<T> {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.bytes.hash(state);
+        self._marker.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A valid RedPallas verification key.
+///
+/// This type holds decompressed state used in signature verification; if the
+/// verification key may not be used immediately, it is probably better to use
+/// [`VerificationKeyBytes`], which is a refinement type for `[u8; 32]`.
+///
+/// ## Consensus properties
+///
+/// The `TryFrom<VerificationKeyBytes>` conversion performs the following Zcash
+/// consensus rule checks:
+///
+/// 1. The check that the bytes are a canonical encoding of a verification key;
+/// 2. The check that the verification key is not a point of small order.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(try_from = "VerificationKeyBytes<T>"))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(into = "VerificationKeyBytes<T>"))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(bound = "T: SigType"))]
+pub struct VerificationKey<T: SigType> {
+    pub(crate) point: pallas::Point,
+    pub(crate) bytes: VerificationKeyBytes<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> From<VerificationKey<T>> for VerificationKeyBytes<T> {
+    fn from(pk: VerificationKey<T>) -> VerificationKeyBytes<T> {
+        pk.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> From<VerificationKey<T>> for [u8; 32] {
+    fn from(pk: VerificationKey<T>) -> [u8; 32] {
+        pk.bytes.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> TryFrom<VerificationKeyBytes<T>> for VerificationKey<T> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn try_from(bytes: VerificationKeyBytes<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        // XXX-pasta-curves: this should not use CtOption
+        // XXX-pasta-curves: this takes ownership of bytes, while Fr doesn't.
+        // This checks that the encoding is canonical...
+        let maybe_point = pallas::Point::from_bytes(bytes.bytes);
+        if maybe_point.is_some().into() {
+            let point = maybe_point.unwrap();
+            // This checks that the verification key is not of small order.
+            if <bool>::from(point.is_small_order()) == false {
+                Ok(VerificationKey { point, bytes })
+            } else {
+                Err(Error::MalformedVerificationKey)
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::MalformedVerificationKey)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> TryFrom<[u8; 32]> for VerificationKey<T> {
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn try_from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        use std::convert::TryInto;
+        VerificationKeyBytes::from(bytes).try_into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl VerificationKey<SpendAuth> {
+    /// Randomize this verification key with the given `randomizer`.
+    ///
+    /// Randomization is only supported for `SpendAuth` keys.
+    pub fn randomize(&self, randomizer: &Randomizer) -> VerificationKey<SpendAuth> {
+        use crate::private::Sealed;
+        let point = self.point + &(&SpendAuth::basepoint() * randomizer);
+        let bytes = VerificationKeyBytes {
+            bytes: point.to_bytes().as_ref().try_into().unwrap(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        };
+        VerificationKey { bytes, point }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SigType> VerificationKey<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn from(s: &pallas::Scalar) -> VerificationKey<T> {
+        let point = &T::basepoint() * s;
+        let bytes = VerificationKeyBytes {
+            bytes: point.to_bytes().as_ref().try_into().unwrap(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        };
+        VerificationKey { bytes, point }
+    }
+
+    /// Verify a purported `signature` over `msg` made by this verification key.
+    // This is similar to impl signature::Verifier but without boxed errors
+    pub fn verify(&self, msg: &[u8], signature: &Signature<T>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        use crate::HStar;
+        let c = HStar::default()
+            .update(&signature.r_bytes[..])
+            .update(&self.bytes.bytes[..]) // XXX ugly
+            .update(msg)
+            .finalize();
+        self.verify_prehashed(signature, c)
+    }
+
+    /// Verify a purported `signature` with a prehashed challenge.
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub(crate) fn verify_prehashed(
+        &self,
+        signature: &Signature<T>,
+        c: pallas::Scalar,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let r = {
+            // XXX-pasta-curves: should not use CtOption here
+            // XXX-pasta-curves: inconsistent ownership in from_bytes
+            let maybe_point = pallas::Point::from_bytes(signature.r_bytes);
+            if maybe_point.is_some().into() {
+                maybe_point.unwrap()
+            } else {
+                return Err(Error::InvalidSignature);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let s = {
+            // XXX-pasta-curves: should not use CtOption here
+            let maybe_scalar = pallas::Scalar::from_bytes(&signature.s_bytes);
+            if maybe_scalar.is_some().into() {
+                maybe_scalar.unwrap()
+            } else {
+                return Err(Error::InvalidSignature);
+            }
+        };
+
+        // XXX rewrite as normal double scalar mul
+        // Verify check is h * ( - s * B + R  + c * A) == 0
+        //                 h * ( s * B - c * A - R) == 0
+        let sB = T::basepoint() * s;
+        let cA = self.point * c;
+        let check = sB - cA - r;
+
+        if check.is_small_order().into() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::InvalidSignature)
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/serialization/serde_helpers.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/serialization/serde_helpers.rs
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;
 use serde_big_array::big_array;

 big_array! {
@ -35,3 +36,36 @@ impl From<Fq> for jubjub::Fq {
        jubjub::Fq::from_bytes(&local.bytes).unwrap()
    }
 }
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(remote = "pallas::Affine")]
+pub struct Affine {
+    #[serde(getter = "pallas::Affine::to_bytes")]
+    bytes: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+impl From<Affine> for pallas::Affine {
+    fn from(local: Affine) -> Self {
+        pallas::Affine::from_bytes(local.bytes).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(remote = "pallas::Scalar")]
+pub struct Scalar {
+    #[serde(getter = "pallas::Scalar::to_bytes")]
+    bytes: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+impl From<Scalar> for pallas::Scalar {
+    fn from(local: Scalar) -> Self {
+        pallas::Scalar::from_bytes(&local.bytes).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(remote = "futures::future::Either")]
+pub enum Either<A, B> {
+    Left(A),
+    Right(B),
+}
--- a/zebra-chain/src/transaction/serialize.rs
+++ b/zebra-chain/src/transaction/serialize.rs
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 use std::{convert::TryInto, io, sync::Arc};

 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
+use halo2::pasta::pallas;

 use crate::{
    block::MAX_BLOCK_BYTES,
@ -34,9 +35,19 @@ impl ZcashDeserialize for jubjub::Fq {
    }
 }

-// Transaction V3 and V4 serialize sprout JoinSplitData in a single continuous
-// byte range, so we can implement its serialization and deserialization
-// separately.
+impl ZcashDeserialize for pallas::Scalar {
+    fn zcash_deserialize<R: io::Read>(mut reader: R) -> Result<Self, SerializationError> {
+        let possible_scalar = pallas::Scalar::from_bytes(&reader.read_32_bytes()?);
+
+        if possible_scalar.is_some().into() {
+            Ok(possible_scalar.unwrap())
+        } else {
+            Err(SerializationError::Parse(
+                "Invalid pallas::Scalar, input not canonical",
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}

 impl<P: ZkSnarkProof> ZcashSerialize for JoinSplitData<P> {
    fn zcash_serialize<W: io::Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> Result<(), io::Error> {